Compositions and methods for controlling insect pests

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are polynucleotides, compositions, and methods for controlling insect pests, especially flea beetles, such as  Phyllotreta  spp. and  Psylliodes  spp., particularly in plants. More specifically, polynucleotides such as double-stranded RNA triggers and methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in flea beetles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCELISTINGS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/030,430 filed 29 Jul. 2014, which is incorporated by reference inits entirety herein. The sequence listing contained in the file“40-21_60779_0000_US_ST25.txt” (2098 kilobytes, created on 26 Jul. 2014,filed with U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/030,430 on 29 Jul.2014) is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The sequencelisting contained in the file “40-21_60779_0000_WO_ST25.txt” (2103kilobytes, created on 8 Jul. 2015) is filed herewith and is incorporatedby reference in its entirety herein.

FIELD

Disclosed herein are methods for controlling invertebrate pestinfestations, particularly in plants, compositions and polynucleotidesuseful in such methods, and plants having improved resistance to theinvertebrate pests. More specifically, polynucleotides and methods ofuse thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an insect pest,particularly through RNA interference are disclosed. Pest species ofinterest include flea beetles, such as Phyllotreta spp. and Psylliodesspp.

BACKGROUND

Commercial crops are often the targets of attack by invertebrate pestssuch as insects. Compositions for controlling insect infestations inplants have typically been in the form of chemical insecticides.However, there are several disadvantages to using chemical insecticides.For example, chemical insecticides are generally not selective, andapplications of chemical insecticides intended to control insect pestsin crop plants can exert their effects on non-target insects and otherinvertebrates as well. Chemical insecticides often persist in theenvironment and can be slow to degrade, thus potentially accumulating inthe food chain. Furthermore the use of persistent chemical insecticidescan result in the development of resistance in the target insectspecies. Thus there has been a long felt need for more environmentallyfriendly methods for controlling or eradicating insect infestation on orin plants, e.g., methods which are species-selective, environmentallyinert, non-persistent, and biodegradable, and that fit well into pestresistance management schemes.

RNA interference (RNAi, RNA-mediated gene suppression) is an approachthat shows promise for use in environmentally friendly pest control. Ininvertebrates, RNAi-based gene suppression was first demonstrated innematodes (Fire et al., (1998) Nature, 391:806-811; Timmons & Fire(1998) Nature, 395:854). Subsequently, RNAi-based suppression ofinvertebrate genes using recombinant nucleic acid techniques has beenreported in a number of species, including agriculturally oreconomically important pests from various insect and nematode taxa, suchas: root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), see Huang et al. (2006)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:14302-14306,doi:10.1073/pnas.0604698103); cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera),see Mao et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1307-1313,doi:10.1038/nbt1352; Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgiferaLeConte), see Baum et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1322-1326,doi:10.1038/nbt1359; sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii),see Sindhu et al. (2008) J. Exp. Botany, 60:315-324,doi:10.1093/jxb/ern289; mosquito (Aedes aegypti), see Pridgeon et al.(2008) J. Med. Entomol., 45:414-420, doi:full/10.1603/0022-2585%282008%2945%5B414%3ATAADRK %5D2.0.CO%3B2; fruitflies (Drosophila melanogaster), flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum),pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta),see Whyard et al. (2009) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 39:824-832,doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.09.00; diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella),see Gong et al. (2011) Pest Manag. Sci., 67: 514-520,doi:10.1002/ps.2086; green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), see Pitino etal. (2011) PLoS ONE, 6:e25709, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025709; brownplanthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), see Li et al. (2011) Pest Manag. Sci.,67:852-859, doi:10.1002/ps.2124; and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), seeUpadhyay et al. (2011) J. Biosci., 36:153-161,doi:10.1007/s12038-011-9009-1.

SUMMARY

The present embodiments relate to control of insect species, especiallyflea beetle species that are economically or agriculturally importantpests. The compositions and methods disclosed herein include recombinantpolynucleotide molecules, such as recombinant DNA constructs for makingtransgenic plants resistant to infestation by insect species andpolynucleotide agents, such as RNA “triggers”, that are useful forcontrolling or preventing infestation by that insect species. Severalembodiments described herein relate to a polynucleotide-containingcomposition (e.g., a composition containing a dsRNA trigger forsuppressing a target gene) that is topically applied to an insectspecies or to a plant, plant part, or seed to be protected frominfestation by an insect species. Other embodiments relate to methodsfor selecting preferred insect target genes that are more likely to beeffective targets for RNAi-mediated control of an insect species.

Several embodiments relate to a method for controlling an insectinfestation of a plant including contacting the insect with a dsRNAincluding at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides witha sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment ofa target gene of the insect. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes atleast one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100%complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect. In someembodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting ofAct5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomersubunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomersubunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit)gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21,RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6,sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5,Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B,VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26(V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60Sribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In someembodiments, the dsRNA includes an RNA strand with a sequence of about95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or afragment thereof. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes an RNA strandwith a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724. In various embodiments, the contacting ofthe insect is by oral delivery, or by non-oral contact, e.g., byabsorption through the cuticle, or through a combination of oral andnon-oral delivery. In some embodiments, the dsRNA trigger suppresses atarget gene in the insect and stunts growth, development or reproductionby the insect, or kills the insect.

Several embodiments relate to a method of causing mortality or stuntingin an insect, including providing in the diet of an insect at least onepolynucleotide including at least one silencing element, wherein the atleast one silencing element is essentially identical or essentiallycomplementary to a fragment of a target gene sequence of the insect, andwherein ingestion of the polynucleotide by the insect results inmortality or stunting in the insect. In some embodiments, the targetgene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase,COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI(coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI(coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI(coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2,Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A,shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasomealpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D,Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A),Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomalprotein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene sequence is selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, thesilencing element includes an RNA strand with a sequence of about 95% toabout 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragmentthereof. In some embodiments, the silencing element includes an RNAstrand with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide isprovided in the diet of the insect in the form of a plant or bacterialcell containing the polynucleotide, or as a synthetic polynucleotidemolecule, or as a fermentation product (e.g., a hairpin form of a dsRNA,produced in a bacterium). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is arecombinant RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is adouble-stranded RNA molecule.

Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal composition including aninsecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, wherein thepolynucleotide includes 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with about 95%to about 100% complementarity with a corresponding portion of a targetgene of an insect that infests a plant. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide includes 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of100% complementarity with a corresponding portion of the target gene. Insome embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consistingof Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomersubunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomersubunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit)gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21,RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6,sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5,Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B,VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26(V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60Sribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes18 or more contiguous nucleotides with about 95% to about 100%complementarity with a DNA sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NOs:1-859 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide includes 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of100% complementarity with a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859 or a fragment thereof. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide is recombinant RNA. In some embodiments,the polynucleotide is molecule is dsRNA. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide includes at least one segment (e.g., an RNA strand orsegment of an RNA strand) with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.In some embodiments, polynucleotide includes at least one segment (e.g.,an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragmentthereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition furtherincludes one or more of a carrier agent, a surfactant, anorganosilicone, a cationic lipid, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule,a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotidepesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insectgrowth regulator. Embodiments of the insecticidal compositions includenon-polynucleotide insecticides, e.g., a bacterially producedinsecticidal protein.

Several embodiments relate to a method of providing a plant havingimproved resistance to an insect, including expressing in the plant arecombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA constructincludes DNA encoding an RNA polynucleotide having a sequenceessentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of atleast one target gene of the insect, and wherein ingestion of thepolynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in theinsect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the groupconsisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha,COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI(coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI(coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19,RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-likeprotein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain,ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E,VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24,Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomalprotein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, thetarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is single-strandedRNA (ssRNA). In other embodiments, the polynucleotide is double-strandedRNA (dsRNA), which may include single-stranded portions, such as a loopin a stem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is RNA(e.g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence ofabout 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is RNA(e.g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724or a fragment thereof.

Several embodiments relate to a recombinant DNA construct including aheterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcriptincluding a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity orcomplementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. Severalembodiments relate to a commercial unit of seed, such as a bag, in whichall or substantially all of the seeds include a recombinant DNAconstruct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNAencoding an RNA transcript including a sequence of about 95% to about100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA).In other embodiments, the RNA transcript is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),which may include single-stranded portions, such as a loop in astem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript includesRNA (e.g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence ofabout 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript includesRNA (e.g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724or a fragment thereof.

In related aspects, provided herein are man-made compositions includinga polynucleotide or trigger as described herein, such as dsRNAformulations useful for topical application to a plant or substance inneed of protection from an insect infestation; recombinant constructsand vectors useful for making transgenic plant cells and transgenicplants; formulations and coatings useful for treating plants (includingplant seeds or propagatable parts such as tubers); plant seeds orpropagatable parts such as tubers treated with or containing apolynucleotide as described herein as well as commodity products andfoodstuffs produced from such plants; seeds, or propagatable parts(especially commodity products and foodstuffs having a detectable amountof a polynucleotide disclosed herein). Several embodiments relate topolyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a peptide or proteinencoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. Several embodiments relate topolyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a peptide or proteinencoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or the complementthereof. Such antibodies are made by routine methods as known to one ofordinary skill in the art.

Other aspects and specific embodiments are disclosed in the followingdetailed description and working Examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present embodiments relate to methods and compositions forcontrolling insect pests, in particular the group of coleopteran insectscommonly known as “flea beetles”, of which there are several genera.Disclosed herein are target genes identified as useful for designingpolynucleotide agents for preventing or treating flea beetleinfestations, especially of commercially important plants. The methodsand compositions are especially useful for preventing or treating fleabeetle infestations of commercially important Brassica species includingspecies commercially used as oilseed, food, or livestock feed (e.g.,canola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape). SuchBrassica species include B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B.oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B.perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Also disclosed aresequences for suppressing one or more flea beetle target genes. Severalembodiments relate to polynucleotide agents, for example, in the form ofdsRNA “triggers” that suppress flea beetle target genes. In someembodiments, polynucleotides and recombinant DNA molecules andconstructs useful in methods of controlling insect pests, especiallyflea beetles are provided. Several embodiments relate to insecticidalcompositions, as well as to transgenic plants resistant to infestationby insect pests. Several embodiments relate to methods of identifyingefficacious polynucleotide agents, for example, double-stranded RNAmolecules for controlling insect pests and methods for identifyingtarget genes that are likely to represent essential functions, makingthese genes preferred targets for RNAi-mediated silencing and control ofinsect pests.

Several embodiments relate to methods and compositions for inhibiting orcontrolling flea beetle infestation of a plant by inhibiting in the fleabeetle the expression of one or more target gene selected from the groupconsisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha,COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI(coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI(coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19,RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-likeprotein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain,ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E,VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24,Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomalprotein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments,inhibiting the expression of one or more target gene in the flea beetleresults in stunting or mortality.

Several embodiments relate to a polynucleotide molecule, such as adsRNA, which includes one or more segments including 18 or morecontiguous nucleotides, for example 21 or more contiguous nucleotides,having 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of aninsect target gene selected from the group consisting of Act5C, argininekinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta,COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI(coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI(coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2,Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A,shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasomealpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D,Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A),Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomalprotein L13. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA,includes multiple segments each of 18 or more contiguous nucleotideswith a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%,about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with afragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA,includes 21 contiguous nucleotides having 100% complementarity with afragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1-859. For example, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA, includessegments corresponding to different regions of the target gene, or caninclude multiple copies of a segment. In other embodiments, thepolynucleotide, such as dsRNA, includes multiple segments, each of 18 ormore contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%(e.g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about100%) complementarity with a fragment of a different target gene; inthis way multiple target genes, or multiple insect species, can besuppressed.

Several embodiments relate to a dsRNA molecule, sometimes referred toherein as a “trigger”, which inhibits the expression of one or moreinsect target genes selected from the group consisting of Act5C,arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit)beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta,COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI(coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2,Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A,shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasomealpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D,Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A),Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomalprotein L13. Several embodiments relate to a dsRNA having a lengthgreater than that which is typical of naturally occurring regulatorysmall RNAs (such as endogenously produced siRNAs and mature miRNAs),e.g., the dsRNA is at least about 30 contiguous base-pairs in length. Insome embodiments, the dsRNA has a length of between about 50 to about500 base-pairs. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is at least 50 base pairsin length. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is formed from two separate,essentially complementary strands (e.g., where each strand is separatelyprovided, or where each strand is encoded on a separate DNA molecule, orwhere the two strands are encoded on separate sections of a DNA and areseparately transcribed or made separate, for example, by the action of arecombinase or nuclease), wherein at least one RNA strand includes asequence of about 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%, about97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementaritywith a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments,the dsRNA is blunt-ended, e.g., two separate, equal-length strands ofRNA which form the dsRNA through intermolecular hybridisation. In someembodiments, the dsRNA has an overhang at one or both ends (termini),e.g., two separate, unequal-length strands of RNA which form the dsRNAthrough intermolecular hybridisation; the overhang can be a singlenucleotide or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more nucleotides, and can be located onthe 5′ end or on the 3′ end of a strand. In some embodiments, the dsRNAincludes at least one stem-loop, e.g., a single RNA molecule that formsa dsRNA with a “hairpin” secondary structure through intramolecularhybridization. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is formed from a singleself-hybridizing hairpin transcript, wherein one “arm” of the hairpinincludes a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity orcomplementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments,self-hybridizing transcripts which form hairpins (or partial hairpins)include dsRNA molecules that include “spacer” nucleotides or asingle-stranded “loop region” between the dsRNA-forming complementary“arms” of sense sequence and anti-sense sequence. In embodiments, suchspacers or loops include nucleotides having a sequence unrelated (notcomplementary or identical to) the target gene corresponding to thedouble-stranded portion of the hairpin. Examples of spacers or loopsinclude those encoded by SEQ ID NOs:1719-1721. In embodiments, the dsRNAincludes multiple stem-loops, with or without spacer nucleotides betweeneach stem-loop. In embodiments, the dsRNA includes a modified stem-loopsuch as a “stabilized anti-sense” loop or a “stabilized sense” loop;see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,323 and 9,006,414, which areincorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

The dsRNA can be chemically synthesized (e.g., by in vitrotranscription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or otherpolymerase), or can be produced by expression in a microorganism, byexpression in a plant cell, or by microbial fermentation. The dsRNA canbe chemically modified, e.g., to improve stability, ease of formulation,or efficacy. In some embodiments, the dsRNA molecule is provided in amicrobial or plant cell that expresses dsRNA (such as a hairpin form ofa dsRNA trigger), or in a microbial fermentation product.

A variety of methods for designing and producing a variety of forms ofdsRNA are known in the art and are useful in the compositions andmethods disclosed herein. See, for example, the following patents whichare incorporated by reference in their entirety herein: (1) U.S. Pat.No. 8,598,332 to Waterhouse et al., which discloses recombinant DNAconstructs including DNA encoding sense RNA and anti-sense RNA sequencesin a single transcript that forms an artificial “hairpin” RNA structurewith a double-stranded RNA stem by base-pairing between the sense andanti-sense nucleotide sequences; embodiments include hairpins withspacer nucleotides between the sense and anti-sense nucleotidesequences; (2) U.S. Pat. No. 8,158,414 to Rommens et al., whichdiscloses recombinant DNA constructs including convergently orientedfirst and second promoters, which produce, e.g., an RNA duplex that isformed by annealing of two separate RNA transcripts; and (3) U.S. Pat.Nos. 7,855,323 and 9,006,414 to Huang et al., which disclose recombinantDNA constructs including DNA encoding “stabilized anti-sense”transcripts which form a loop of anti-sense-oriented RNA for suppressingone or more target genes; recombinant DNA constructs can be designed tosimilarly encode “stabilized sense” transcripts which form a loop ofsense-oriented RNA for suppressing one or more target genes.

Embodiments of the compositions including polynucleotides such as thedsRNA triggers described herein further contain one or more additionalcomponents or adjuvants, e.g., a carrier agent, an encapsulation agent,an emulsifying agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a cationic lipid,a spreading agent, a photoprotective agent, a rainfastness agent, apolynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidalmolecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a non-polynucleotidefungicide, a safener, a bait, an insect attractant, an insect pheromone,and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, these additionalcomponents or adjuvants are edible or digestible if ingested by a fleabeetle.

In embodiments, the polynucleotides such as dsRNA triggers disclosedherein are used in combination with a non-nucleotide pesticidal agentsuch as a small-molecule pesticidal agent or a proteinaceous pesticidalagent, either concurrently or sequentially. Examples of non-nucleotidepesticidal agents include patatins, plant lectins, phytoecdysteroids,and bacterial insecticidal proteins (e.g., insecticidal proteins fromBacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp., Brevibacilluslaterosporus (previously Bacillus laterosporus), Lysinibacillussphaericus (previously Bacillus sphaericus), Chromobacterium sp.,Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus sp., Paenibacillus lentimorbus,and Paenibacillus popilliae), a bacterium that produces an insecticidalprotein, and an entomicidal bacterial species. In embodiments, thecompositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control such asthe dsRNA triggers described herein can further include, or can be usedconcurrently or sequentially with, conventional pesticides such asSpiromesifen, Spirodiclofen, Spirotetramat, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad,Tolfenpyrad, Fenpyroximate, Flufenerim, Pyrimidifen, Fenazaquin,Rotenone, Cyenopyrafen, Hydramethylnon, Acequinocyl, Fluacrypyrim,Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide,Cyanide, Diafenthiuron, Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide,Propargite, Tetradifon, Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium,Flonicamid, Etoxazole, Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox,Chlorfluazuron, Bistrifluron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron,Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron,Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron, Buprofezin, Cyromazine, Hydroprene,Kinoprene, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen, Pymetrozine,Pyrifluquinazon, Chlorfenapyr, Tralopyril, B.t. (Bacillus thuringiensis)var. aizawai, B.t. var. israelensis, B.t. var. kurstaki, B.t. var.sphaericus, B.t. var. tenebrionensis, Bacillus thuringiensis cropproteins including Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab,Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides,Chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride, Benclothiaz, Chinomethionat, Cryolite,Methylneodecanamide, Benzoximate, Cymiazole, Fluensulfone, Azadirachtin,Bifenazate, Amidoflumet, Dicofol, Plifenate, Cyflumetofen, Pyridalyl,Beauveria bassiana GHA, Sulfoxaflor, Spinetoram, Spinosad, Spinosad,Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin, Abamectin, Methoxyfenozide,Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Tebufenozide, Amitraz,Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide, alpha-endosulfan,Chlordane, Endosulfan, Fipronil, Acetoprole, Ethiprole, Pyrafluprole,Pyriprole, Indoxacarb and Metaflumizone, Acrinathrin, Allethrin,Allethrin-cis-trans, Allethrin-trans, beta-Cyfluthrin,beta-Cypermethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, BioallethrinS-cyclopentenyl, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin,Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomers], Dimefluthrin,Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox,Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin,Gamma-cyhalothryn, lambda-Cyhalothrin, Meperfluthrin, Metofluthrin,Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], Prallethrin, Profluthrin,Protrifenbute, Resmethrin, Silafluofen, tau-Fluvalinate, Tefluthrin,Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], Tetramethylfluthrin,theta-Cypermethrin, Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin, zeta-Cypermethrin,alpha-Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, DDT, and Methoxychlor, Thiodicarb,Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl,Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate,Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl,Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiofanox, Triazamate, Trimethacarb, XMC,Xylylcarb, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Acephate, Azamethiphos,Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos,Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos,Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate,Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur,Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fonofos, Fosthiazate, Imicyafos,Isofenphos-methyl, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Mevinphos,Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion,Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon,Phoxim, Pirimiphos-ethyl, Profenofos, Propaphos, Propetamphos,Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep,Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon,Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam,Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram, Nithiozine,Nicotine, Thiacloprid, chlorantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole. Inembodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetlecontrol in Brassica species including canola further include, or areused concurrently or sequentially with, foliar sprays including one ormore pesticides selected from the group consisting of Deltamethrin,Cypermethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Permethrin, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, andMalathion, or seed treatments including one or more pesticides selectedfrom the group consisting of Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, andClothianadin.

In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for fleabeetle control such as the dsRNA triggers described herein can furtherinclude, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventionalfungicides such as bupirimate, dimethirimol, ethirimol, cyprodinil,pyrimethanil, mepanipyrim, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; phenylamides,benalaxyl, furalaxyl, metalaxyl, R-metalaxyl, ofurace, oxadixyl,benomyl, carbendazim, debacarb, fuberidazole, thiabendazole,chlozolinate, dichlozoline, iprodine, myclozoline, procymidone,vinclozolin, carboxin, fenfuram, flutolanil, mepronil, oxycarboxin,thifluzamide, guazatine, dodine, iminoctadine, azoxystrobin,kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, or trifloxystrobin, ferbam, mancozeb,maneb, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram, captafol, captan,dichlofluanid, fluoromide, folpet, tolyfluanid, copper hydroxide, copperoxychloride, copper sulfate, cuprous oxide, mancopper, oxine-copper,dinocap, nitrothal-isopropyl, edifenphos, iprobenphos, isoprothiolane,phosdiphen, pyrazopho, toclofos-methyl, acibenzolar-S-methyl, harpin,anilazine, blasticidin-S, chinomethionat, chloroneb, chlorothalonil,cymoxanil, dichione, diclomezine, dicloran, diethofencarb, dimethomorph,dithianon, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fentin, fenpyrazamine,ferimzone, fluazinam, flusulfamide, fosetyl-aluminium, hymexazol,kasugamycin, methasulfocarb, pencycuron, phthalide, polyoxins,probenazole, propamocarb, pyroquilon, quinoxyfen, quintozene, sulfur,triazoxide, tricyclazole, validamycin, azaconazole, bitertanol,propiconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, cyproconazole,epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole,imazalil, imibenconazole, ipconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole,fenbuconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, perfurazoate, penconazole,bromuconazole, pyrifenox, prochloraz, triadimefon, triadimenol,triflumizol, triticonazole, triforine, ancymidol, fenarimol or nuarimol,dodemorph, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, spiroxamine, tridemorph, andfenhexamid. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotidesfor flea beetle control in Brassica species including canola furtherinclude, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, foliar spraysincluding one or more fungicides selected from the group consisting ofAzoxystrobin, Bacillus subtilis strain QST 2808, Boscalid, Fluxopyroxad,Pyraclostrobin, Metconazole, Prothioconazole, Penthiopyrad,Picoxystrobin, and Thiophanate Methyl, or seed treatments including oneor more fungicides selected from the group consisting of Azoxystrobin,Metalaxyl, Trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Sedaxane, Penflufen,Fludioxonil, and Mefenoxam.

In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for fleabeetle control such as the dsRNA triggers described herein can furtherinclude, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventionalherbicides such as glyphosate, auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba,phosphinothricin, glufosinate, 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon),acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea, imidazolinone,triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates, and phthalide, bromoxynil,cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop),sulfonamide herbicides, triazine herbicides, 5-methyltryptophan,aminoethyl cysteine, pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon,cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole, protoporphyrinogenoxidase inhibitors, herbicidea containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety,phenoxy auxins such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop, pyridyloxy auxins such asfluroxypyr and triclopyr, aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP)acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors such as haloxyfop,quizalofop, and diclofop, and 5-substituted phenoxyacetateprotoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors such as pyraflufen andflumiclorac. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotidesfor flea beetle control in Brassica species including canola furtherinclude, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, one or morepost-emergence herbicides selected from the group consisting ofQuizalofop, Sethoxydim, Clethodim, and Clopyralid. In embodiments, thecompositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control inherbicide-resistant Brassica species including herbicide-resistantcanola further include, or are used concurrently or sequentially with,one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of Imazamox,Glyphosate, and Glufosinate.

The compositions and methods disclosed are useful for inhibiting orcontrolling flea beetle infestation of a plant, such as a Brassicaspecies. In embodiments, the compositions and methods are used to treata growing plant, such as a field of Brassica plants. Embodiments includecompositions including polynucleotides disclosed herein in a compositionin the form of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray,encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soildrench, or seed treatment composition. In embodiments, such compositionsare applied to a surface of the plant in need of protection from ortreatment for flea beetle infestations, or applied directly to the fleabeetles, or provided in an ingestible form to the flea beetles. Inembodiments, a composition including polynucleotides disclosed herein isapplied directly to ungerminated seeds (such as ungerminated Brassicaspecies seeds), providing plants germinated from the treated seedsincreased resistance to flea beetle infestations; examples of seedtreatment methods are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/143,836, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.An embodiment includes a Brassica seed that is treated by directlycontacting the seed with a polynucleotide (such as a dsRNA trigger)disclosed herein, followed by germination into a Brassica plant thatexhibits increased resistance to flea beetle infestations.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used havethe same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in theart. The terms “to comprise” or “to include” are understood to mean “toinclude, but not to be limited to”. Generally, the nomenclature used andthe manufacturing or laboratory procedures described below are wellknown and commonly employed in the art. Conventional methods are usedfor these procedures, such as those provided in the art and variousgeneral references. Where a term is provided in the singular, theinventors also contemplate aspects described by the plural of that term.Where there are discrepancies in terms and definitions used inreferences that are incorporated by reference, the terms used in thisapplication shall have the definitions given. Other technical terms usedhave their ordinary meaning in the art in which they are used, asexemplified by various art-specific dictionaries, for example, “TheAmerican Heritage® Science Dictionary” (Editors of the American HeritageDictionaries, 2011, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston and New York), the“McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms” (6^(th)edition, 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York), or the “Oxford Dictionary ofBiology” (6^(th) edition, 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford and NewYork). The inventors do not intend to be limited to a mechanism or modeof action. Reference thereto is provided for illustrative purposes only.

Unless otherwise stated, nucleic acid sequences in the text of thisspecification are given, when read from left to right, in the 5′ to 3′direction. One of skill in the art would be aware that a given DNAsequence is understood to define a corresponding RNA sequence which isidentical to the DNA sequence except for replacement of the thymine (T)nucleotides of the DNA with uracil (U) nucleotides. Thus, providing aspecific DNA sequence is understood to define the exact RNA equivalent.A given first polynucleotide sequence, whether DNA or RNA, furtherdefines the sequence of its exact complement (which can be DNA or RNA),i.e., a second polynucleotide that hybridizes perfectly to the firstpolynucleotide by forming Watson-Crick base-pairs. By “essentiallyidentical” or “essentially complementary” to a target gene or a fragmentof a target gene is meant that a polynucleotide strand (or at least onestrand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) is designed to hybridize(generally under physiological conditions such as those found in aliving plant or animal cell) to a target gene or to a fragment of atarget gene or to the transcript of the target gene or the fragment of atarget gene; one of skill in the art would understand that suchhybridization does not necessarily require 100% sequence identity orcomplementarity. A first nucleic acid sequence is “operably” connectedor “linked” with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleicacid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the secondnucleic acid sequence. For example, a promoter sequence is “operablylinked” to DNA if the promoter provides for transcription or expressionof the DNA. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous.

The term “polynucleotide” commonly refers to a DNA or RNA moleculecontaining multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to“oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25 nucleotides inlength) and longer polynucleotides of 26 or more nucleotides.Polynucleotides also include molecules containing multiple nucleotidesincluding non-canonical nucleotides or chemically modified nucleotidesas commonly practiced in the art; see, e.g., chemical modificationsdisclosed in the technical manual “RNA Interference (RNAi) and DsiRNAs”,2011 (Integrated DNA Technologies Coralville, Iowa). Generally,polynucleotide as described herein, whether DNA or RNA or both, andwhether single- or double-stranded, include at least one segment of 18or more contiguous nucleotides (or, in the case of double-strandedpolynucleotides, at least 18 contiguous base-pairs) that are essentiallyidentical or complementary to a fragment of equivalent size of the DNAof a target gene or the target gene's RNA transcript. Throughout thisdisclosure, “at least 18 contiguous” means “from about 18 to about10,000, including every whole number point in between”. Thus,embodiments include compositions including oligonucleotides having alength of 18-25 nucleotides (18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers,22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length polynucleotideshaving a length of 26 or more nucleotides (polynucleotides of 26, 27,28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65,about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100,about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230,about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, orabout 300 nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greaterthan about 300 nucleotides (e.g., polynucleotides of between about 300to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides,between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, betweenabout 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, oreven greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up tothe entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding orboth coding and non-coding portions of the target gene). Where apolynucleotide is double-stranded, such as the dsRNA triggers describedin the working Examples, its length can be similarly described in termsof base pairs. Double-stranded polynucleotides, such as the dsRNAtriggers described in the working examples, can further be described interms of one or more of the single-stranded components.

The polynucleotides described herein can be single-stranded (ss) ordouble-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing thatoccurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acidstrands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generallyunder physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments include thosewherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting ofsense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA),double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), adouble-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; amixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA of a lengthgreater than that which is typical of naturally occurring regulatorysmall RNAs (such as endogenously produced siRNAs and mature miRNAs). Insome embodiments, the polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA of at leastabout 30 contiguous base-pairs in length. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide is double-stranded RNA with a length of between about 50to about 500 base-pairs. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide caninclude components other than standard ribonucleotides, e.g., anembodiment is an RNA that includes terminal deoxyribonucleotides.

Effective polynucleotides of any size can be used, alone or incombination, in the various methods and compositions described herein.In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide trigger is used to make acomposition (e.g., a composition for topical application, or arecombinant DNA construct useful for making a transgenic plant). Inother embodiments, a mixture or pool of different polynucleotidetriggers is used; in such cases the polynucleotide triggers can be for asingle target gene or for multiple target genes.

In various embodiments, the polynucleotide described herein includesnaturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA andRNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination ofribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, syntheticpolynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one ormore terminal deoxyribonucleotides or one or more terminaldideoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly ofdeoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminaldideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotideincludes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, orpseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includeschemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modifiedoligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, forexample, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. PatentPublication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082,which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examplesinclude, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiesterbackbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partiallyor completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, ormethylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modifiednucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide orpolynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can belabeled with a fluorescent moiety (e.g., fluorescein or rhodamine) orother label (e.g., biotin).

The term “recombinant”, as used to refer to a polynucleotide (such asthe recombinant RNA molecules or recombinant DNA constructs describedherein), means that the polynucleotide is not a naturally occurringmolecule, i.e., that human intervention is required for thepolynucleotide to exist. A recombinant polynucleotide is produced usingrecombinant nucleic acid techniques, or by chemical synthesis, and caninclude combinations of sequences that do not occur in nature (e.g.,combinations of a heterologous promoter and a DNA encoding an RNA to beexpressed, or an RNA molecule that includes concatenated segments of atarget gene that do not in nature occur adjacent to one another). Arecombinant polynucleotide can be biologically produced in a cell (suchas a bacterial or plant or animal cell), for example, when that cell istransfected or transformed with a vector encoding the recombinantpolynucleotide (e.g., a vector encoding a hairpin form of a dsRNA,produced in a bacterium). A recombinant polynucleotide can includesequences of nucleotides designed in silico using appropriatealgorithms.

The polynucleotides or triggers disclosed herein are generally designedto suppress or silence one or more genes (“target genes”). The term“gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides forexpression of a transcript or encodes a transcript, or that is aheritable nucleic acid sequence. A “gene” can include, but is notlimited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcriptencoding regions that can include intronic regions, 3′ untranslatedregions, or combinations of these regions. In embodiments, the targetgenes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In otherembodiments, the target gene has a sequence identical to orcomplementary to a messenger RNA, e.g., in embodiments the target geneis a cDNA.

As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to separating a molecule fromother molecules normally associated with it in its native or naturalstate. The term “isolated” thus may refer to a DNA molecule that hasbeen separated from other DNA molecule(s) which normally are associatedwith it in its native or natural state. Such a DNA molecule may bepresent in a recombined state, such as a recombinant DNA molecule. Thus,DNA molecules fused to regulatory or coding sequences with which theyare not normally associated, for example as the result of recombinanttechniques, are considered isolated, even when integrated as a transgeneinto the chromosome of a cell or present with other DNA molecules.

By “insecticidally effective” is meant effective in inducing aphysiological or behavioural change in an insect (e.g., adult or larvalflea beetles) that infests a plant such as, but not limited to, growthstunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity ordecreased fecundity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior ormovement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stagedevelopment. In some embodiments, application of an insecticidallyeffective amount of the polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, to aplant improves the plant's resistance to infestation by the insect. Insome embodiments, application of an insecticidally effective amount ofthe polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, to a crop plant improvesyield (e.g., increased biomass, increased seed or fruit production, orincreased oil, starch, sugar, or protein content) of that crop plant, incomparison to a crop plant not treated with the polynucleotide. Whilethere is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of apolynucleotide as described herein that can be useful in the methods andcompositions provided herein, lower effective concentrations and dosageswill generally be sought for efficiency and economy. Non-limitingembodiments of effective amounts of a polynucleotide include a rangefrom about 10 nanograms per milliliter to about 100 micrograms permilliliter of a polynucleotide in a liquid form sprayed on a plant, orfrom about 10 milligrams per acre to about 100 grams per acre ofpolynucleotide applied to a field of plants, or from about 0.001 toabout 0.1 microgram per milliliter of polynucleotide in an artificialdiet for feeding the insect. Where compositions as described herein aretopically applied to a plant, the concentrations can be adjusted inconsideration of the volume of spray or treatment applied to plantleaves or other plant part surfaces, such as flower petals, stems,tubers, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. In oneembodiment, a useful treatment for herbaceous plants using 25-merpolynucleotides as described herein is about 1 nanomole (nmol) ofpolynucleotides per plant, for example, from about 0.05 to 1 nmolpolynucleotides per plant. Other embodiments for herbaceous plantsinclude useful ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nmol, or about 0.1 toabout 20 nmol, or about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotides perplant. In certain embodiments, about 40 to about 50 nmol of asingle-stranded polynucleotide as described herein are applied. Incertain embodiments, about 0.5 nmol to about 2 nmol of a dsRNA asdescribed herein is applied. In certain embodiments, a compositioncontaining about 0.5 to about 2.0 milligrams per milliliter, or about0.14 milligrams per milliliter of a dsRNA (or a single-stranded 21-mer)as described herein is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition ofabout 0.5 to about 1.5 milligrams per milliliter of a dsRNApolynucleotide as described herein of about 50 to about 200 or morenucleotides is applied. In certain embodiments, about 1 nmol to about 5nmol of a dsRNA as described herein is applied to a plant. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide composition as topically applied to theplant contains at least one polynucleotide as described herein at aconcentration of about 0.01 to about 10 milligrams per milliliter, orabout 0.05 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.1 to about 2milligrams per milliliter. Very large plants, trees, or vines canrequire correspondingly larger amounts of polynucleotides. When usinglong dsRNA molecules that can be processed into multipleoligonucleotides (e.g., multiple triggers encoded by a singlerecombinant DNA molecule as disclosed herein, lower concentrations canbe used. Non-limiting examples of effective polynucleotide treatmentregimes include a treatment of between about 0.1 to about 1 nmol ofpolynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 1 nmol to about 10nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 10 nmol toabout 100 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant.

Methods of Causing Insect Mortality and of Controlling InsectInfestations

Several embodiments relate to a method of causing mortality or stuntingin an insect, including providing in the diet of an insect at least onerecombinant RNA including at least one silencing element essentiallyidentical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target genesequence of the insect, wherein the target gene sequence is selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion ofthe recombinant RNA by the insect results in mortality or stunting inthe insect. These methods are useful for controlling insect infestationsof a plant, for example for prevention or treatment of a flea beetleinfestation of a crop plant, particularly commercially importantBrassica species.

In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes an RNAstrand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity orcomplementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments,the at least one silencing element includes an RNA strand including atleast one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequenceof 100% complementarity with a fragment of the target gene of theinsect, wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In embodiments, the at least onesilencing element includes an RNA strand including at least one segmentof 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragmentthereof. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes anRNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodimentsthe at least one silencing element includes dsRNA including at least oneRNA strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity orcomplementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In embodiments, the recombinant RNA is provided in a microbial or plantcell that expresses the recombinant RNA, or in a microbial fermentationproduct, or is chemically synthesized. In embodiments, the at least onesilencing element includes dsRNA. In embodiments, the dsRNA isblunt-ended, or has an overhang at at least one terminus, or includes atleast one stem-loop. The dsRNA is provided by convenient techniquescommonly used. In embodiments, the dsRNA is chemically synthesized,produced by expression in a microorganism, produced by expression in aplant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. In embodiments, thedsRNA is made from naturally occurring ribonucleotides; in otherembodiments the dsRNA is chemically modified.

In embodiments, the method is useful for causing mortality or stuntingin insects that are pests of commercially important crop plants, such asan insect pest of a Brassica species. In embodiments, the insect is aflea beetle. In embodiments, the insect is a species of a genus selectedfrom the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona,Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus,Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera,Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga,Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus,Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila,Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis,Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa,Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia,Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena,Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, the insect is aspecies selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder fleabeetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea(grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae(rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi(elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle), Chaetocnemaconofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato fleabeetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis(redheaded flea beetle). In embodiments, the insect is a speciesselected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae(horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle),Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum(striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle),Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (stripedflea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, andPsylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).

Embodiments of the method include those in which the recombinant RNA isdesigned to silence a target gene in a genus- or species-specificmanner, for example, wherein (a) the insect is a Phyllotreta species andthe target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:1-551; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip fleabeetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae(canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (d) the insect isPhyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has aDNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551;(e) the insect is a Psylliodes species and the target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859; or(f) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.Embodiments of the method also include those wherein (a) the insect is aPhyllotreta species and the silencing element includes an RNA strandincluding a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1410 or a fragment thereof; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta atra(turnip flea beetle) and the silencing element includes an RNA strandincluding a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof; (c) the insect is Phyllotretacruciferae (canola flea beetle) the silencing element includes an RNAstrand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1156-1391 or a fragment thereof; (d) the insect is Phyllotretastriolata (striped flea beetle) and the silencing element includes anRNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:1392-1410 or a fragment thereof; (e) the insect is aPsylliodes species and the silencing element includes an RNA strandincluding a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof; or (f) the insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala and the silencing element includes an RNA strand includinga sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 ora fragment thereof.

Embodiments of the method include those wherein the at least onerecombinant RNA is provided in a composition including the at least onerecombinant RNA, wherein the composition is applied to a surface of theinsect or to a surface of a seed or plant in need of protection frominfestation by the insect. Embodiments of such compositions includethose where the composition includes a solid, liquid, powder,suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrierparticulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment. In manyembodiments, the composition is formulated in a form that is ingested bythe insect. In embodiments, the composition further includes one or morecomponents selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, asurfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, anon-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide,a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insectattractant, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, thecomposition further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected fromthe group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, aBacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidalprotein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporousinsecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, abacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidalbacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus),Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacteriumspecies, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacilluslentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.

Several embodiments relate to a method for controlling an insectinfestation of a plant including contacting the plant and/or an insectthat infests a plant with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), wherein thedsRNA includes at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotideswith a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%,about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with afragment of a target gene of the insect selected from the groupconsisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha,COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI(coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI(coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19,RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-likeprotein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain,ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E,VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24,Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomalprotein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, thedsRNA includes at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotideswith a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with afragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes at least one segmentof 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementaritywith a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:1-859. In this context “controlling” includes inducement of aphysiological or behavioural change in an insect (adult or larvae ornymphs) such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increasedmortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessationof feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation ofmetamorphosis stage development. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includesa sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 ora fragment thereof, or the complement thereof.

In various embodiments, the insect is a flea beetle, e.g., a species ofa genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica,Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda,Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema,Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix,Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis,Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia,Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra,Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida,Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta,Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola,Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia.In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting ofAltica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie fleabeetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplarflea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberryflea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (cornflea beetle), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrixcucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestrippedfleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In someembodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting ofPhyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae(canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle),Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra(turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle),Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata,Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).

The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insectthat can be controlled by the polynucleotides disclosed herein. Plantsof particular interest include commercially important plants, includingrow crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants ofagricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are providedunder the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful forcontrolling an insect infestation of an ornamental plant or a cropplant. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein the plantis a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica speciesselected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata,B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa,B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In otherembodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycinemax, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthusannuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa,Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp.,Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeisguineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeumvulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

Methods include those developed for specific flea beetle pests for agiven plant, e.g., wherein the plant is a potato plant and the insect isEpitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle). In some embodiments, specifictarget genes are identified as targets for RNAi-mediated control in agiven insect species. Various embodiments of the method include thosewherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and thetarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:1-296; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola fleabeetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (c) the insect is Phyllotretastriolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; or (d) theinsect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.

In some embodiments, specific dsRNA “triggers” are developed forspecific target genes in a given insect species. Embodiments of themethod include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnipflea beetle) and the dsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof;(b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and thedsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391 or a fragment thereof; (c) the insectis Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the dsRNA includes atleast one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1392-1410 or a fragment thereof, or (d) the insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala and the dsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof.

The method includes contacting an insect, such as a flea beetle, with adouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Embodiments include contacting via oraldelivery to the insect, or non-oral delivery to the insect, or acombination of oral and non-oral delivery to the insect. Embodimentsinclude contacting insects in the adult stage, or in larval stages, orin the egg stage. In some embodiments, contacting results in mortality(death) or stunting (growth stunting or decrease in or cessation ofmetamorphosis stage development) of the insect, thereby preventing ortreating infestation of the plant by the insect. In some embodiments,contacting results in inducement of a physiological or behaviouralchange in an insect (adult or larvae or nymphs) that results in adecreased ability of the insect to infest or damage a plant, forexample, a decrease in reproductive capacity, or a decrease in orcessation of feeding behavior or movement.

In some embodiments of the method, the contacting includes applicationof a composition including the dsRNA to a surface of the insect or to asurface of the plant infested by the insect. The composition can includeor be in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion,spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix,soil drench, or seed treatment. In some embodiments, the contactingincludes providing the dsRNA in a composition that further includes oneor more components selected from the group consisting of a carrieragent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidalmolecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotidepesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insectgrowth regulator. In some embodiments, the contacting includes providingthe dsRNA in a composition that further includes at least one pesticidalagent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, aphytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, aXenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, aBacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericusinsecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein,an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillussphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus),Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillusspecies, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.

In some embodiments of the method, the contacting includes providing thedsRNA in a composition that is ingested by the insect, such as in aliquid, emulsion, or powder applied to a plant on which the insectfeeds, or in the form of bait. Such compositions can further includesone or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrieragent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidalmolecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotidepesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insectgrowth regulator. Such compositions can further include at least onepesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, aplant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidalprotein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidalprotein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillussphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces aninsecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillussphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacilluslaterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae. In embodiments, the combination of the dsRNA and thepesticidal agent provides a level of insect control that is greater thanthe sum of the effects of the dsRNA and the pesticidal agent componentsif tested separately.

Insecticidal Compositions

Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal composition including aninsecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, such as a dsRNAmolecule, wherein the polynucleotide includes at least 18 or morecontiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e.g.,about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%)complementarity with a fragment of an insect target gene selected fromthe group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit)alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime,COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI(coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19,RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-likeprotein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain,ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E,VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24,Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomalprotein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments thepolynucleotide includes at least 18 or more contiguous nucleotideshaving about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In someembodiments the polynucleotide includes 21 contiguous nucleotides having100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In embodiments, the polynucleotideincludes a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In various embodiments of the insecticidal composition, the insect is aflea beetle, e.g., a species of a genus selected from the groupconsisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica,Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila,Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia,Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila,Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha,Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila,Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis,Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa,Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia,Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena,Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In some embodiments, the insect isselected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder fleabeetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea(grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae(rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi(elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle), Chaetocnemaconofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato fleabeetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis(redheaded flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insect is selectedfrom the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish fleabeetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotretapusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnipflea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta(garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle),Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodespunctulata (hop flea beetle).

The insecticidal composition is useful for treating a plant or area inthe vicinity of a plant to provide protection or treatment from insects,especially flea beetles. A related aspect is a plant treated with aninsecticidal composition as described herein, or a seed of the treatedplant, wherein the plant exhibits improved resistance to the insect(e.g., improved resistance to flea beetles). In some embodiments, theplant exhibiting improved resistance to the insect is characterized byimproved yield, when compared to a plant not treated with theinsecticidal composition. In an embodiment, yield (oilseed biomass oroil content) in canola or oilseed rape plants is improved by applicationof an insecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, such as adsRNA molecule, targeting one or more genes identified from Phyllotretacruciferae (canola flea beetle); in particular embodiments, the targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:297-532. The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestationby an insect that can be controlled by the insecticidal composition.Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants,including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants ofagricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are providedunder the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful forcontrolling an insect infestation of an ornamental plant or a cropplant. Various embodiments include those wherein the plant is a plant inthe family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from thegroup consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B.oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B.perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments,the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linumusitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus,Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinuscommunis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachishypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis,Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, andTriticum aestivum.

In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is developed forspecific flea beetle pests for a given plant, e.g., where the plant is apotato plant and the insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is developed forspecific target genes in a given insect species. Specific embodiments ofthe insecticidal composition include those wherein (a) the insect isPhyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (b) theinsect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:297-532; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped fleabeetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; or (d) the insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.

In some embodiments the dsRNA molecule of use in this method is providedas an isolated dsRNA molecule (not part of an expression construct,e.g., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminatorsequences). Such dsRNA molecules can be relatively short, such assingle- or double-stranded RNA molecules of between about 18 to about300 or between about 50 to about 500 nucleotides (for single-strandedpolynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 300 or between about 50 toabout 500 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). Inembodiments the polynucleotide is a dsRNA including a segment includinga sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is in a form selectedfrom the group consisting of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension,emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film,matrix, soil drench, insect diet or insect bait, and seed treatment. Insome embodiments, the insecticidal composition is provided in a formthat is ingested by the insect, such as in a liquid, emulsion, or powderapplied to a plant on which the insect feeds, or in the form of bait.The insecticidal compositions can further include one or more componentsselected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, anorganosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, anon-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide,a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growthregulator. The insecticidal compositions can further include at leastone pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, aplant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidalprotein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidalprotein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillussphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces aninsecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillussphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacilluslaterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae. In some embodiments, the combination of the recombinant RNAmolecule and the pesticidal agent provides a level of insect controlthat is greater than the sum of the effects of the recombinant RNAmolecule and the pesticidal agent components if tested separately.

Embodiments of the compositions optionally include the appropriatestickers and wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well asUV protectants to protect polynucleotides such as dsRNAs from UV damage.Such additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and areknown to those skilled in the art. Compositions for soil application caninclude granular formulations that serve as bait for insect larvae.Embodiments include a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, apolynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidalmolecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, aninsect attractant, and an insect growth regulator.

Embodiments of compositions may include a “transfer agent”, an agentthat, when combined with a composition including a polynucleotide asdisclosed herein that is topically applied to the surface of anorganism, enables the polynucleotide to enter the cells of thatorganism. Such transfer agents can be incorporated as part of thecomposition including a polynucleotide as disclosed herein, or can beapplied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application ofthe composition including a polynucleotide as described herein. In someembodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that improves the uptake of apolynucleotide by an insect. In some embodiments, a transfer agent is anagent that conditions the surface of plant tissue, e.g., seeds, leaves,stems, roots, flowers, or fruits, to permeation by a polynucleotide intoplant cells. In some embodiments, the transfer agent enables a pathwayfor a polynucleotide through cuticle wax barriers, stomata, and/or cellwall or membrane barriers into plant cells.

Suitable transfer agents include agents that increase permeability ofthe exterior of the organism or that increase permeability of cells ofthe organism to polynucleotides. Suitable transfer agents include achemical agent, or a physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemicalagents for conditioning or transfer include (a) surfactants, (b) anorganic solvent or an aqueous solution or aqueous mixtures of organicsolvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g)enzymes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, application of apolynucleotide and a transfer agent optionally includes an incubationstep, a neutralization step (e.g., to neutralize an acid, base, oroxidizing agent, or to inactivate an enzyme), a rinsing step, orcombinations thereof. Suitable transfer agents can be in the form of anemulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-likecomposition, or can cause the polynucleotide composition to take theform of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or othermicellar-like composition. Embodiments of transfer agents includecounter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleicacid molecules, e.g., cationic lipids, inorganic ammonium ions, alkylammonium ions, lithium ions, polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, orputrescine, and other cations. Embodiments of transfer agents includeorganic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine,hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, orother solvents miscible with water or that dissolve phosphonucleotidesin non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions).Embodiments of transfer agents include naturally derived or syntheticoils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers, e.g., plant-sourcedoils, crop oils (such as those listed in the 9^(th) Compendium ofHerbicide Adjuvants, publicly available on-line atherbicide.adjuvants.com), paraffinic oils, polyol fatty acid esters, oroils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines suchas polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine.

Embodiments of transfer agents include organosilicone preparations. Forexample, a suitable transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation thatis commercially available as SILWET L-77® brand surfactant having CASNumber 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL. REG. NO. 5905-50073-AA, andcurrently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y.In embodiments where a SILWET L-77® brand surfactant organosiliconepreparation is used as transfer agent in the form of a spray treatment(applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application ofthe composition including a polynucleotide as disclosed herein) of plantleaves or other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the rangeof about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e.g., about0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06,0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5,0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9,2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leafor other plant surface for transfer of a polynucleotide as disclosedherein into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. Oneembodiment includes a composition that includes a polynucleotide and atransfer agent including an organosilicone preparation such as SilwetL-77 in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wtpercent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04,0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095,0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent). Oneembodiment includes a composition that includes a polynucleotide and atransfer agent including SILWET L-77® brand surfactant in the range ofabout 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight (wt percent) or about 0.5 toabout 1%, by weight (wt percent).

Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use incompositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limitedto, compounds that include: (a) a trisiloxane head group that iscovalently linked to, (b) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to,an n-propyl linker, that is covalently linked to, (c) a polyglycolchain, that is covalently linked to, (d) a terminal group. Trisiloxanehead groups of such organosilicone compounds include, but are notlimited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but arenot limited to, an n-propyl linker. Polyglycol chains include, but arenot limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. Polyglycolchains can include a mixture that provides an average chain length “n”of about “7.5”. In certain embodiments, the average chain length “n” canvary from about 5 to about 14. Terminal groups can include, but are notlimited to, alkyl groups such as a methyl group. Organosiliconecompounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methodsdisclosed herein include, but are not limited to, trisiloxane ethoxylatesurfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane. Anexample of a transfer agent for use in compositions and methodsdisclosed herein is Compound I:

Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use incompositions and methods disclosed herein are used, e.g., as freshlymade concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent byweight (wt percent) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035,0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09,0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent).

Embodiments of transfer agents include one or more salts such asammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and ammonium sulfate,provided in or used with a composition including a polynucleotidedisclosed herein. In some embodiments, ammonium chloride,tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate are used at aconcentration of about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v), or about 1% to about 3%(w/v), or about 2% (w/v). In certain embodiments, the compositionincluding a polynucleotide includes an ammonium salt at a concentrationgreater or equal to 300 millimolar. In certain embodiments, thecomposition including a polynucleotide includes an organosiliconetransfer agent in a concentration of about 0.015 to about 2 percent byweight (wt percent) as well as ammonium sulfate at concentrations fromabout 80 to about 1200 millimolar or about 150 millimolar to about 600millimolar.

Embodiments of transfer agents include a phosphate salt. Phosphate saltsuseful in a composition including a polynucleotide include, but are notlimited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium phosphate salts. Incertain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includesa phosphate salt at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, atleast about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certainembodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes aphosphate salt in a range of about 1 millimolar to about 25 millimolaror in a range of about 5 millimolar to about 25 millimolar. In certainembodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes sodiumphosphate at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at leastabout 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certainembodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes sodiumphosphate at a concentration of about 5 millimolar, about 10 millimolar,or about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the compositionincluding a polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate salt in a rangeof about 1 millimolar to about 25 millimolar or in a range of about 5millimolar to about 25 millimolar. In certain embodiments, thecomposition including a polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate saltin a range of about 10 millimolar to about 160 millimolar or in a rangeof about 20 millimolar to about 40 millimolar. In certain embodiments,the composition including a polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphatebuffer at a pH of about 6.8.

Embodiments of transfer agents include surfactants and/or effectivemolecules contained therein. Surfactants and/or effective moleculescontained therein include, but are not limited to, sodium or lithiumsalts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or phospholipids)and organosilicone surfactants. In certain embodiments, the compositionincluding a polynucleotide is formulated with counter-ions or othermolecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules.Non-limiting examples include, tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkylammonium ions, sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such asspermine, spermidine, or putrescine. In certain embodiments, thecomposition including a polynucleotide is formulated with anon-polynucleotide herbicide e.g., glyphosate, auxin-like benzoic acidherbicides including dicamba, chloramben, and TBA, glufosinate,auxin-like herbicides including phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicide,pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, quinoline carboxylic acid herbicide,pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide, and benazolin-ethyl herbicide,sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, bromoxynil, delapon, cyclohezanedione,protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, and4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibiting herbicides. In certainembodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide is formulatedwith a non-polynucleotide pesticide, e.g., a patatin, a plant lectin, aphytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, aXenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, aBacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphaericusinsecticidal protein.

Methods of Providing Plants with Improved Insect Resistance

Several embodiments relate to a method of providing a plant havingimproved resistance to an insect, including expressing in the plant arecombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA constructincludes DNA encoding an RNA having a sequence essentially identical oressentially complementary to a fragment of at least one insect targetgene selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI(coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomersubunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomersubunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit)zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8,Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7),Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2,Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2,Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2(V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal proteinL13. In some embodiments, the DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNAincluding a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementaryto a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:1-859. Several embodiments relate to a plant produced by suchmethod. In some embodiments, the DNA construct includes DNA encoding anRNA having about 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%, about97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementaritywith a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct further includes aheterologous promoter operably linked to the DNA encoding an RNA,wherein the heterologous promoter is functional in a plant cell.“Heterologous” refers to nucleic acid sequences that are not usuallyoperably linked in a native or naturally occurring genome; by“heterologous promoter” is meant that the promoter is not nativelyoperably linked with the DNA encoding an RNA. Promoters functional in aplant cell include those listed under the heading “Promoters”.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is expressed in theplant by means of transgenic expression or transient expression. In someembodiments, the method further includes expression in the plant of atleast one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of apatatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensisinsecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdusinsecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, aBacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces aninsecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillussphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacilluslaterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae. The pesticidal agent can be expressed from the samerecombinant DNA construct that includes the DNA encoding an RNA, or froma different recombinant DNA construct.

A related aspect is a plant having improved resistance to an insect(e.g., improved resistance to flea beetles), or the seed of such aplant, wherein the plant is provided by the method including expressingin the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNAconstruct includes DNA encoding an RNA having a sequence essentiallyidentical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least onetarget gene of the insect, wherein the target gene is selected from thegroup consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit)alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime,COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI(coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19,RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-likeprotein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain,ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E,VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24,Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomalprotein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, therecombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA including asequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to afragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the plant exhibiting improved resistanceto the insect is characterized by improved yield, when compared to aplant not expressing the recombinant DNA construct. In an embodiment,yield (oilseed biomass or oil content) in canola or oilseed rape plantsis improved by expressing in the canola or oilseed rape plants apolynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, targeting one or more genes ofPhyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), e.g., wherein the targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:297-532. Several embodiments relate to fruit, seed, or propagatableparts of the plant provided by this method and exhibiting improvedresistance to the insect. The plant can be any plant that is subject toinfestation by an insect that can be controlled by expressing in theplant the recombinant DNA construct according to this method. Plants ofparticular interest include commercially important plants, including rowcrop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural ordecorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under theheading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for providing anornamental plant or a crop plant with improved resistance to fleabeetles. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein theplant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassicaspecies selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B.carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B.narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In otherembodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycinemax, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthusannuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa,Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp.,Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeisguineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeumvulgare, and Triticum aestivum. In an embodiment, the method provides apotato plant with improved resistance to Epitrix cucumeris (potato fleabeetle).

Embodiments of the method provide a plant having improved resistance toone or more flea beetle species, e.g., a species of a genus selectedfrom the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona,Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus,Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera,Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga,Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus,Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila,Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis,Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa,Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia,Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena,Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, the insect isselected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder fleabeetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea(grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae(rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi(elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle), Chaetocnemaconofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato fleabeetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis(redheaded flea beetle). In embodiments, the method provides a planthaving improved resistance to an insect selected from the groupconsisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle),Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla(western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip fleabeetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta(garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle),Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodespunctulata (hop flea beetle).

In some embodiments, the method is developed for specific target genesin a given insect species. In some embodiments, a plant having improvedresistance to Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), wherein the targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1-296, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improvedresistance to Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), wherein thetarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:297-532, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant havingimproved resistance to Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle),wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551, is provided. In some embodiments, aplant having improved resistance to Psylliodes chrysocephala, whereinthe target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:552-859, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant havingimproved resistance to Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) thatexpresses from a recombinant DNA construct a dsRNA strand including asequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereofis provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance toPhyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) that expresses from arecombinant DNA construct a dsRNA including a strand including asequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391 or a fragment thereofis provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance toPhyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) that expresses from arecombinant DNA construct a dsRNA including a strand including asequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410 or a fragment thereofis provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance toPsylliodes chrysocephala that expresses from a recombinant DNA constructa dsRNA including a strand including a sequence of about 95% to about100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof is provided.

Recombinant DNA Constructs Encoding RNA for Insect Control

Several embodiments relate to a recombinant DNA construct including aheterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcriptincluding a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e.g., about 95%, about96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity orcomplementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments of the recombinant DNA construct, the RNA transcriptincludes at least one RNA strand including a sequence of about 95% toabout 100% (e.g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%,or about 100%) identity or complementarity with a sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragmentthereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript forms dsRNA. In someembodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including an RNA strandincluding at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides ofan RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments,the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including an RNA strand including at leastone segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or afragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNAincluding at least one RNA strand including a sequence of about 95% toabout 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragmentthereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including anRNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments of the recombinant DNA construct, the heterologouspromoter is functional for expression of the RNA transcript in abacterium. In some embodiments where the recombinant DNA construct is tobe expressed in a bacterium, the bacterium is selected from the groupconsisting of Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species,Xenorhabdus species, or Photorhabdus species. In other embodiments, therecombinant DNA construct includes a heterologous promoter that isfunctional in a plant cell.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is contained in arecombinant vector, such as a recombinant plant virus vector or arecombinant baculovirus vector. In embodiments, the recombinant DNAconstruct is integrated into a plant chromosome or plastid, e.g., bystable transformation.

Related aspects include a transgenic plant cell including in its genomethe recombinant DNA construct, and a transgenic plant including such atransgenic plant cell. Transgenic plant cells and plants are made bymethods known in the art, such as those described under the heading“Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants”. Furtheraspects include a commodity product produced from such a transgenicplant, and transgenic progeny seed or propagatable plant part of thetransgenic plant.

Related Information and Techniques Plants

The methods and compositions described herein for treating andprotecting plants from insect infestations are useful across a broadrange of plants. Suitable plants in which the methods and compositionsdisclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, cerealsand forage grasses (rice, maize, wheat, barley, oat, sorghum, pearlmillet, finger millet, cool-season forage grasses, and bahiagrass),oilseed crops (soybean, oilseed brassicas including canola and oilseedrape, sunflower, peanut, flax, sesame, and safflower), legume grains andforages (common bean, cowpea, pea, fava bean, lentil, tepary bean,Asiatic beans, pigeonpea, vetch, chickpea, lupine, alfalfa, andclovers), temperate fruits and nuts (apple, pear, peach, plums, berrycrops, cherries, grapes, olive, almond, and Persian walnut), tropicaland subtropical fruits and nuts (citrus including limes, oranges, andgrapefruit; banana and plantain, pineapple, papaya, mango, avocado,kiwifruit, passionfruit, and persimmon), vegetable crops (solanaceousplants including tomato, eggplant, and peppers; vegetable brassicas;radish, carrot, cucurbits, alliums, asparagus, and leafy vegetables),sugar, tuber, and fiber crops (sugarcane, sugar beet, stevia, potato,sweet potato, cassava, and cotton), plantation crops, ornamentals, andturf grasses (tobacco, coffee, cocoa, tea, rubber tree, medicinalplants, ornamentals, and turf grasses), and forest tree species.Specific plant species of interest are plants in the familyBrassicaceae, including the Brassica species B. napus, B. juncea, B.carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B.narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa.Additional plant species of interest are Glycine max, Linumusitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus,Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinuscommunis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachishypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis,Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, andTriticum aestivum.

Additional Construct Elements

Embodiments of the polynucleotides and nucleic acid molecules disclosedherein can include additional elements, such as promoters, small RNArecognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes, additional and additionalexpression cassettes for expressing coding sequences (e.g., to express atransgene such as an insecticidal protein or selectable marker) ornon-coding sequences (e.g., to express additional suppression elements).For example, an aspect provides a recombinant DNA construct including aheterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcriptincluding a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity orcomplementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In anotherembodiment, a recombinant DNA construct including a promoter operablylinked to DNA encoding: (a) an RNA transcript including a sequence ofabout 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724or a fragment thereof, and (b) an aptamer, is stably integrated into theplant's genome from where RNA transcripts including the RNA aptamer andthe RNA silencing element are expressed in cells of the plant; theaptamer serves to guide the RNA silencing element to a desired locationin the cell. In another embodiment, inclusion of one or more recognitionsites for binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e.g., by a miRNA or ansiRNA that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue) allows formore precise expression patterns in a plant, wherein the expression ofthe recombinant DNA construct is suppressed where the small RNA isexpressed. Such additional elements are described below.

Promoters

Promoters of use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein arefunctional in the cell in which the construct is intended to betranscribed. Generally these promoters are heterologous promoters, asused in recombinant constructs, i.e., they are not in nature found to beoperably linked to the other nucleic elements used in the constructs. Invarious embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group consistingof a constitutive promoter, a spatially specific promoter, a temporallyspecific promoter, a developmentally specific promoter, and an induciblepromoter. In many embodiments the promoter is a promoter functional in aplant, for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IVpromoter, or a pol V promoter.

Non-constitutive promoters suitable for use with the recombinant DNAconstructs disclosed herein include spatially specific promoters,temporally specific promoters, and inducible promoters. Spatiallyspecific promoters can include organelle-, cell-, tissue-, ororgan-specific promoters (e.g., a plastid-specific, a root-specific, apollen-specific, or a seed-specific promoter for expression in plastids,roots, pollen, or seeds, respectively). In many cases a seed-specific,embryo-specific, aleurone-specific, or endosperm-specific promoter isespecially useful. Temporally specific promoters can include promotersthat tend to promote expression during certain developmental stages in aplant's growth cycle, or during different times of day or night, or atdifferent seasons in a year. Inducible promoters include promotersinduced by chemicals or by environmental conditions such as, but notlimited to, biotic or abiotic stress (e.g., water deficit or drought,heat, cold, high or low nutrient or salt levels, high or low lightlevels, or pest or pathogen infection). MicroRNA promoters are useful,especially those having a temporally specific, spatially specific, orinducible expression pattern; examples of miRNA promoters, as well asmethods for identifying miRNA promoters having specific expressionpatterns, are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publications2006/0200878, 2007/0199095, and 2007/0300329, which are specificallyincorporated herein by reference. An expression-specific promoter canalso include promoters that are generally constitutively expressed butat differing degrees or “strengths” of expression, including promoterscommonly regarded as “strong promoters” or as “weak promoters”.

Promoters of particular interest include the following examples: anopaline synthase promoter isolated from T-DNA of Agrobacterium; acauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; enhanced promoter elements orchimeric promoter elements such as an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus(CaMV) 35S promoter linked to an enhancer element (an intron from heatshock protein 70 of Zea mays); root specific promoters such as thosedisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,848; 6,437,217 and 6,426,446; a maizeL3 oleosin promoter disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252; a promoter fora plant nuclear gene encoding a plastid-localized aldolase disclosed inU. S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189; cold-induciblepromoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,089; salt-inducible promotersdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,078; light-inducible promotersdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714; pathogen-inducible promotersdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,138; and water deficit-induciblepromoters disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0123347A1. All of the above-described patents and patent publicationsdisclosing promoters and their use, especially in recombinant DNAconstructs functional in plants are incorporated herein by reference.

Plant vascular- or phloem-specific promoters of interest include a rolCor rolA promoter of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, a promoter of aAgrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA gene 5, the rice sucrose synthase RSs1gene promoter, a Commelina yellow mottle badnavirus promoter, a coconutfoliar decay virus promoter, a rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter,the promoter of a pea glutamine synthase GS3A gene, a invCD111 andinvCD141 promoters of a potato invertase genes, a promoter isolated fromArabidopsis shown to have phloem-specific expression in tobacco byKertbundit et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 88:5212-5216, aVAHOX1 promoter region, a pea cell wall invertase gene promoter, an acidinvertase gene promoter from carrot, a promoter of a sulfate transportergene Sultr1;3, a promoter of a plant sucrose synthase gene, and apromoter of a plant sucrose transporter gene.

Promoters suitable for use with a recombinant DNA construct orpolynucleotide disclosed herein include polymerase II (“pol II”)promoters and polymerase III (“pol III”) promoters. RNA polymerase IItranscribes structural or catalytic RNAs that are usually shorter than400 nucleotides in length, and recognizes a simple run of T residues asa termination signal; it has been used to transcribe siRNA duplexes(see, e.g., Lu et al. (2004) Nucleic Acids Res., 32:e171). Pol IIpromoters are therefore preferred in certain embodiments where a shortRNA transcript is to be produced from a recombinant DNA construct. Inone embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes a pol II promoterto express an RNA transcript flanked by self-cleaving ribozyme sequences(e.g., self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes), resulting in a processedRNA, such as a single-stranded RNA that binds to the transcript of theflea beetle target gene, with defined 5′ and 3′ ends, free ofpotentially interfering flanking sequences. An alternative approach usespol III promoters to generate transcripts with relatively defined 5′ and3′ ends, i.e., to transcribe an RNA with minimal 5′ and 3′ flankingsequences. In some embodiments, Pol III promoters (e.g., U6 or H1promoters) are preferred for adding a short AT-rich transcriptiontermination site that results in 2 base-pair overhangs (UU) in thetranscribed RNA; this is useful, e.g., for expression of siRNA-typeconstructs. Use of pol III promoters for driving expression of siRNAconstructs has been reported; see van de Wetering et al. (2003) EMBORep., 4: 609-615, and Tuschl (2002) Nature Biotechnol., 20: 446-448.Baculovirus promoters such as baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 promotersare known in the art and commercially available; see, e.g., Invitrogen's“Guide to Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems (BEVS) and Insect CellCulture Techniques”, 2002 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) and F.J. Haines et al. “Baculovirus Expression Vectors”, undated (OxfordExpression Technologies, Oxford, UK).

The promoter element can include nucleic acid sequences that are notnaturally occurring promoters or promoter elements or homologues thereofbut that can regulate expression of a gene. Examples of such “geneindependent” regulatory sequences include naturally occurring orartificially designed RNA sequences that include a ligand-binding regionor aptamer (see “Aptamers”, below) and a regulatory region (which can becis-acting). See, for example, Isaacs et al. (2004) Nat. Biotechnol.,22:841-847, Bayer and Smolke (2005) Nature Biotechnol., 23:337-343,Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:451-463,Davidson and Ellington (2005) Trends Biotechnol., 23:109-112, Winkler etal. (2002) Nature, 419:952-956, Sudarsan et al. (2003) RNA, 9:644-647,and Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 11:29-35. Such“riboregulators” could be selected or designed for specific spatial ortemporal specificity, for example, to regulate translation of DNA thatencodes a silencing element for suppressing a target gene only in thepresence (or absence) of a given concentration of the appropriateligand. One example is a riboregulator that is responsive to anendogenous ligand (e.g., jasmonic acid or salicylic acid) produced bythe plant when under stress (e.g., abiotic stress such as water,temperature, or nutrient stress, or biotic stress such as attach bypests or pathogens); under stress, the level of endogenous ligandincreases to a level sufficient for the riboregulator to begintranscription of the DNA that encodes a silencing element forsuppressing a target gene.

Recombinase Sites

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotideincludes DNA encoding one or more site-specific recombinase recognitionsites. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes atleast a pair of loxP sites, wherein site-specific recombination of DNAbetween the loxP sites is mediated by a Cre recombinase. The positionand relative orientation of the loxP sites is selected to achieve thedesired recombination; for example, when the loxP sites are in the sameorientation, the DNA between the loxP sites is excised in circular form.In another embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNAencoding one loxP site; in the presence of Cre recombinase and anotherDNA with a loxP site, the two DNAs are recombined.

Aptamers

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotideincludes DNA that is processed to an RNA aptamer, that is, an RNA thatbinds to a ligand through binding mechanism that is not primarily basedon Watson-Crick base-pairing (in contrast, for example, to thebase-pairing that occurs between complementary, anti-parallel nucleicacid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure). See, forexample, Ellington and Szostak (1990) Nature, 346:818-822. Examples ofaptamers can be found, for example, in the public Aptamer Database,available on line at aptamer.icmb.utexas.edu (Lee et al. (2004) NucleicAcids Res., 32(1):D95-100). Aptamers can, however, be monovalent(binding a single ligand) or multivalent (binding more than oneindividual ligand, e.g., binding one unit of two or more differentligands).

Ligands include any molecule (or part of a molecule) that can berecognized and be bound by a nucleic acid secondary structure by amechanism not primarily based on Watson-Crick base pairing. In this way,the recognition and binding of ligand and aptamer is analogous to thatof antigen and antibody, or of biological effector and receptor. Ligandscan include single molecules (or part of a molecule), or a combinationof two or more molecules (or parts of a molecule), and can include oneor more macromolecular complexes (e.g., polymers, lipid bilayers,liposomes, cellular membranes or other cellular structures, or cellsurfaces). Examples of specific ligands include vitamins such ascoenzyme B₁₂ and thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin mononucleotide, guanine,adenosine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, coenzyme A,lysine, tyrosine, dopamine, glucosamine-6-phosphate, caffeine,theophylline, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and neomycin,herbicides such as glyphosate and dicamba, proteins including viral orphage coat proteins and invertebrate epidermal or digestive tractsurface proteins, and RNAs including viral RNA, transfer-RNAs (t-RNAs),ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and RNA polymerases such as RNA-dependent RNApolymerase (RdRP). One class of RNA aptamers are “thermoswitches” thatdo not bind a ligand but are thermally responsive, that is to say, theaptamer's conformation is determined by temperature; see, for example,Box 3 in Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.,5:451-463.

Transgene Transcription Units

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotidedisclosed herein includes a transgene transcription unit. A transgenetranscription unit includes DNA sequence encoding a gene of interest,e.g., a natural protein or a heterologous protein. A gene of interestcan be any coding or non-coding sequence from any species (including,but not limited to, non-eukaryotes such as bacteria, and viruses; fungi,protists, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Particular genes ofinterest are genes encoding one or more proteins conferring resistanceto an herbicide and genes encoding at least one pesticidal agentselected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, aphytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, aXenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, aBacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericusinsecticidal protein, and an insecticidal protein produced by any ofLysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacilluslaterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species,Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacilluslentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. The transgene transcriptionunit can further include 5′ or 3′ sequence or both as required fortranscription of the transgene.

Introns

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotideincludes DNA encoding a spliceable intron. By “intron” is generallymeant a segment of DNA (or the RNA transcribed from such a segment) thatis located between exons (protein-encoding segments of the DNA orcorresponding transcribed RNA), wherein, during maturation of themessenger RNA, the intron present is enzymatically “spliced out” orremoved from the RNA strand by a cleavage/ligation process that occursin the nucleus in eukaryotes. The term “intron” is also applied tonon-coding DNA sequences that are transcribed to RNA segments that canbe spliced out of a maturing RNA transcript, but are not introns foundbetween protein-coding exons. One example of these are spliceablesequences that that have the ability to enhance expression in plants (insome cases, especially in monocots) of a downstream coding sequence;these spliceable sequences are naturally located in the 5′ untranslatedregion of some plant genes, as well as in some viral genes (e.g., thetobacco mosaic virus 5′ leader sequence or “omega” leader described asenhancing expression in plant genes by Gallie and Walbot (1992) NucleicAcids Res., 20:4631-4638). These spliceable sequences or“expression-enhancing introns” can be artificially inserted in the 5′untranslated region of a plant gene between the promoter but before anyprotein-coding exons. Examples of such expression-enhancing intronsinclude, but are not limited to, a maize alcohol dehydrogenase(Zm-Adh1), a maize Bronze-1 expression-enhancing intron, a rice actin 1(Os-Act1) intron, a Shrunken-1 (Sh-1) intron, a maize sucrose synthaseintron, a heat shock protein 18 (hsp18) intron, and an 82 kilodaltonheat shock protein (hsp82) intron. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874 and5,859,347, specifically incorporated by reference herein, describemethods of improving recombinant DNA constructs for use in plants byinclusion of an expression-enhancing intron derived from the 70kilodalton maize heat shock protein (hsp70) in the non-translated leaderpositioned 3′ from the gene promoter and 5′ from the firstprotein-coding exon.

Ribozymes

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotideincludes DNA encoding one or more ribozymes. Ribozymes of particularinterest include a self-cleaving ribozyme, a hammerhead ribozyme, or ahairpin ribozyme. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA constructincludes DNA encoding one or more ribozymes that serve to cleave thetranscribed RNA to provide defined segments of RNA, such as separatesense or anti-sense single-stranded RNA segments (which in embodimentshybridise to form dsRNA), or an RNA segment having self-complementarynucleotide sequences that form at least partially dsRNA (e.g., in astem-loop structure) for suppressing a flea beetle target gene.

Gene Suppression Elements

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotideincludes DNA encoding additional gene suppression element forsuppressing a target gene other than a flea beetle target gene. Thetarget gene to be suppressed can include coding or non-coding sequenceor both.

Suitable gene suppression elements are described in detail in U. S.Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, which disclosure isspecifically incorporated herein by reference, and include one or moreof:

-   -   (a) DNA that includes at least one anti-sense DNA segment that        is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be        suppressed;    -   (b) DNA that includes multiple copies of at least one anti-sense        DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the        gene to be suppressed;    -   (c) DNA that includes at least one sense DNA segment that is at        least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;    -   (d) DNA that includes multiple copies of at least one sense DNA        segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be        suppressed;    -   (e) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be        suppressed by forming double-stranded RNA and includes at least        one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one        segment of the gene to be suppressed and at least one sense DNA        segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be        suppressed;    -   (f) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be        suppressed by forming a single double-stranded RNA and includes        multiple serial anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to        at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple        serial sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the        gene to be suppressed;    -   (g) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be        suppressed by forming multiple double strands of RNA and        includes multiple anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to        at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple        sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to        be suppressed, and wherein the multiple anti-sense DNA segments        and the multiple sense DNA segments are arranged in a series of        inverted repeats;    -   (h) DNA that includes nucleotides derived from a plant miRNA;    -   (i) DNA that includes nucleotides of a siRNA;    -   (j) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to        a ligand; and    -   (k) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to        a ligand, and DNA that transcribes to regulatory RNA capable of        regulating expression of the gene to be suppressed, wherein the        regulation is dependent on the conformation of the regulatory        RNA, and the conformation of the regulatory RNA is        allosterically affected by the binding state of the RNA aptamer.

In some embodiments, an intron is used to deliver a gene suppressionelement in the absence of any protein-coding exons (coding sequence). Inone example, an intron, such as an expression-enhancing intron(preferred in certain embodiments), is interrupted by embedding withinthe intron a gene suppression element, wherein, upon transcription, thegene suppression element is excised from the intron. Thus,protein-coding exons are not required to provide the gene suppressingfunction of the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein.

Transcription Regulatory Elements

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotideincludes DNA encoding a transcription regulatory element. Transcriptionregulatory elements include elements that regulate the expression levelof the recombinant DNA construct (relative to its expression in theabsence of such regulatory elements). Examples of suitable transcriptionregulatory elements include riboswitches (cis- or trans-acting),transcript stabilizing sequences, and miRNA recognition sites, asdescribed in detail in U. S. Patent Application Publication2006/0200878, specifically incorporated herein by reference.

Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants

The recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein can be stacked withother recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits (e.g., in the caseof transformed plants, traits including herbicide resistance, pestresistance, cold germination tolerance, water deficit tolerance, and thelike) for example, by expressing or suppressing other genes. Constructsfor coordinated decrease and increase of gene expression are disclosedin U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0126845 A1, specificallyincorporated by reference.

In certain transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants, it is sometimesdesirable to concurrently express a gene of interest while alsomodulating expression of a flea beetle target gene. Thus, in someembodiments, the transgenic plant contains recombinant DNA furtherincluding a gene expression element for expressing at least one gene ofinterest, and transcription of the recombinant DNA construct for fleabeetle control is preferably effected with concurrent transcription ofthe gene expression element. In embodiments, the transgenic plantexpresses DNA encoding a recombinant RNA transcript as disclosed hereinfor suppression of a flea beetle target gene, and also expresses DNAencoding a non-nucleotide pesticidal agent such as a small-moleculepesticidal agent or a proteinaceous pesticidal agent; such DNAs can bestacked in a single recombinant construct or expression cassette, oralternatively can be expressed from discrete recombinant constructs orexpression cassettes. Examples of non-nucleotide pesticidal agentsinclude patatins, plant lectins, phytoecdysteroids, and bacterialinsecticidal proteins (e.g., insecticidal proteins from Bacillusthuringiensis, Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp., Brevibacilluslaterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Lysinibacillus sphaericus(Bacillus sphaericus), Chromobacterium sp., Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus sp., Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae). In embodiments, the transgenic plant expresses DNA encodinga recombinant RNA transcript as disclosed herein for suppression of aflea beetle target gene, and also expresses DNA encoding one or moreproteins conferring tolerance to an herbicide. Examples of proteinsconferring tolerance to an herbicide include5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases (EPSPS; see, e.g., U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,627,061, 5,633,435 RE39247, 6,040,497, and 5,094,945, andPCT International Application Publications WO04074443 and WO04009761),glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX; U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175), glyphosatedecarboxylase (PCT International Application Publication WO05003362,U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,347, and U. S. Patent Application Publication2004/0177399), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT; U.S. Pat. No.7,714,188) conferring tolerance to glyphosate; dicamba monooxygenaseconferring tolerance to auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba (U.S. Pat.No. 7,105,724); phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (pat or bar)conferring tolerance to phosphinothricin or glufosinate (U.S. Pat. No.5,646,024); 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase conferring toleranceto 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon) (PCT International ApplicationPublication WO9927116); acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactatesynthase conferring tolerance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors suchas sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine,pyrimidyloxybenzoates and phthalide (U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,105);haloarylnitrilase (Bxn) for conferring tolerance to bromoxynil (U.S.Pat. No. 4,810,648); modified acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase forconferring tolerance to cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) andaryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,222);dihydropteroate synthase (sul I) for conferring tolerance to sulfonamideherbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,046); 32 kDa photosystem II polypeptide(psbA) for conferring tolerance to triazine herbicides (Hirschberg etal., 1983, Science, 222:1346-1349); anthranilate synthase for conferringtolerance to 5-methyltryptophan (U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,847);dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (dap A) for conferring to tolerance toaminoethyl cysteine (PCT International Application PublicationWO8911789); phytoene desaturase (crtI) for conferring tolerance topyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon (Japan Patent JP06343473);hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidaseand a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic 1-hydrolase (U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,209) forconferring tolerance to cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such asisoxaflutole (U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,549); modified protoporphyrinogenoxidase I (protox) for conferring tolerance to protoporphyrinogenoxidase inhibitors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,602); aryloxyalkanoatedioxygenase (AAD-1) for conferring tolerance to an herbicide containingan aryloxyalkanoate moiety (WO05107437); a serinehydroxymethyltransferase (US Patent Application Publication2008/0155716), a glufosinate-tolerant glutamine synthase (US PatentApplication Publication 2009/0018016). Examples of such herbicidesinclude phenoxy auxins (such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop), pyridyloxyauxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr), aryloxyphenoxypropionates(AOPP) acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (such ashaloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop), and 5-substituted phenoxyacetateprotoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors (such as pyraflufen andflumiclorac). The nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids encodingherbicide-tolerance proteins and the sequences of theherbicide-tolerance proteins, as disclosed in the U. S. patent andpatent application publications cited in this paragraph are incorporatedherein by reference.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein canbe transcribed in any plant cell or tissue or in a whole plant of anydevelopmental stage. Transgenic plants can be derived from any monocotor dicot plant, such as, but not limited to, plants of commercial oragricultural interest, such as crop plants (especially crop plants usedfor human food or animal feed), wood- or pulp-producing trees, vegetableplants, fruit plants, and ornamental plants. Examples of plants ofinterest include grain crop plants (such as wheat, oat, barley, maize,rye, triticale, rice, millet, sorghum, quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat);forage crop plants (such as forage grasses and forage dicots includingalfalfa, vetch, clover, and the like); oilseed crop plants (such ascotton, safflower, sunflower, soybean, canola, rapeseed, flax, peanuts,and oil palm); tree nuts (such as walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pecan,almond, and the like); sugarcane, coconut, date palm, olive, sugarbeet,tea, and coffee; wood- or pulp-producing trees; vegetable crop plantssuch as legumes (for example, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa, peanut),lettuce, asparagus, artichoke, celery, carrot, radish, the brassicas(for example, cabbages, kales, mustards, and other leafy brassicas,broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, kohlrabi), ediblecucurbits (for example, cucumbers, melons, summer squashes, wintersquashes), edible alliums (for example, onions, garlic, leeks, shallots,chives), edible members of the Solanaceae (for example, tomatoes,eggplants, potatoes, peppers, groundcherries), and edible members of theChenopodiaceae (for example, beet, chard, spinach, quinoa, amaranth);fruit crop plants such as apple, pear, citrus fruits (for example,orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, and others), stone fruits (for example,apricot, peach, plum, nectarine), banana, pineapple, grape, kiwifruit,papaya, avocado, and berries; plants grown for biomass or biofuel (forexample, Miscanthus grasses, switchgrass, jatropha, oil palm, eukaryoticmicroalgae such as Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella spp., and Dunaliellaspp., and eukaryotic macroalgae such as Gracilaria spp., and Sargassumspp.); and ornamental plants including ornamental flowering plants,ornamental trees and shrubs, ornamental groundcovers, and ornamentalgrasses. Specific plant species of interest in which a recombinant DNAconstruct is transcribed to provide resistance to flea beetles areplants in the family Brassicaceae, including the Brassica species B.napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B.septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B.fructiculosa. Additional plant species of interest in which arecombinant DNA construct is transcribed to provide resistance to fleabeetles are Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamustinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana,Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrumsativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanumtuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbitamaxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

Also disclosed herein are commodity products produced from a transgenicplant cell, plant, or seed expressing a recombinant DNA constructimparting improved resistance to flea beetles as disclosed herein,including, but not limited to, harvested leaves, roots, shoots, tubers,stems, fruits, seeds, or other parts of a plant, meals, oils, extracts,fermentation or digestion products, crushed or whole grains or seeds ofa plant, or any food or non-food product including such commodityproducts produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed asdisclosed herein. The detection of one or more of nucleic acid sequencesof the recombinant DNA constructs for flea beetle control as disclosedherein in one or more commodity or commodity products contemplatedherein is de facto evidence that the commodity or commodity productcontains or is derived from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seedexpressing such a recombinant DNA construct.

Generally a transgenic plant having in its genome a recombinant DNAconstruct as disclosed herein exhibits increased resistance to an insectinfestation, specifically increased resistance to a flea beetleinfestation. In various embodiments, for example, where the transgenicplant expresses a recombinant DNA construct for flea beetle control thatis stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits,the transgenic plant has at least one additional altered trait, relativeto a plant lacking the recombinant DNA construct, selected from thegroup of traits consisting of:

(a) improved abiotic stress tolerance;

(b) improved biotic stress tolerance;

(c) modified primary metabolite composition;

(d) modified secondary metabolite composition;

(e) modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition;

(f) improved yield;

(g) improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients;

(h) modified agronomic characteristics;

(i) modified growth or reproductive characteristics; and

(j) improved harvest, storage, or processing quality.

In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is characterized by: improvedtolerance of abiotic stress (e.g., tolerance of water deficit ordrought, heat, cold, non-optimal nutrient or salt levels, non-optimallight levels) or of biotic stress (e.g., crowding, allelopathy, orwounding); by a modified primary metabolite (e.g., fatty acid, oil,amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition; a modifiedsecondary metabolite (e.g., alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides,non-ribosomal peptides, and secondary metabolites of mixed biosyntheticorigin) composition; a modified trace element (e.g., iron, zinc),carotenoid (e.g., beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or othercarotenoids and xanthophylls), or vitamin (e.g., tocopherols)composition; improved yield (e.g., improved yield under non-stressconditions or improved yield under biotic or abiotic stress); improvedability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients; modifiedagronomic characteristics (e.g., delayed ripening; delayed senescence;earlier or later maturity; improved shade tolerance; improved resistanceto root or stalk lodging; improved resistance to “green snap” of stems;modified photoperiod response); modified growth or reproductivecharacteristics (e.g., intentional dwarfing; intentional male sterility,useful, e.g., in improved hybridization procedures; improved vegetativegrowth rate; improved germination; improved male or female fertility);improved harvest, storage, or processing quality (e.g., improvedresistance to pests during storage, improved resistance to breakage,improved appeal to consumers); or any combination of these traits.

In another embodiment, transgenic seed, or seed produced by thetransgenic plant, has modified primary metabolite (e.g., fatty acid,oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition, amodified secondary metabolite composition, a modified trace element,carotenoid, or vitamin composition, an improved harvest, storage, orprocessing quality, or a combination of these. In another embodiment, itcan be desirable to change levels of native components of the transgenicplant or seed of a transgenic plant, for example, to decrease levels ofan allergenic protein or glycoprotein or of a toxic metabolite.

EXAMPLES Example 1

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of coding DNAsequences useful as target genes for controlling insect species and formaking compositions for controlling insects and insect-resistanttransgenic plants, and identifies dsRNA trigger sequences useful forcontrolling insect species. More specifically, embodiments of targetgenes identified by name (annotation) and sequence identifier (SEQ IDNO.) for controlling flea beetles are provided in SEQ ID NOs:1-859, andembodiments of dsRNA trigger sequences ranging in size from 135 to 352base pairs and designed to suppress these target genes are provided inSEQ ID NOs.:860-1718.

TABLE 1 Target Trigger Target Trigger Target Trigger Target Trigger GeneSEQ Gene SEQ Gene SEQ Gene SEQ SEQ ID ID SEQ ID ID SEQ ID ID SEQ ID IDNO. NO.* NO. NO.* NO. NO.* NO. NO.* 1 860 216 1075 431 1290 646 1505 2861 217 1076 432 1291 647 1506 3 862 218 1077 433 1292 648 1507 4 863219 1078 434 1293 649 1508 5 864 220 1079 435 1294 650 1509 6 865 2211080 436 1295 651 1510 7 866 222 1081 437 1296 652 1511 8 867 223 1082438 1297 653 1512 9 868 224 1083 439 1298 654 1513 10 869 225 1084 4401299 655 1514 11 870 226 1085 441 1300 656 1515 12 871 227 1086 442 1301657 1516 13 872 228 1087 443 1302 658 1517 14 873 229 1088 444 1303 6591518 15 874 230 1089 445 1304 660 1519 16 875 231 1090 446 1305 661 152017 876 232 1091 447 1306 662 1521 18 877 233 1092 448 1307 663 1522 19878 234 1093 449 1308 664 1523 20 879 235 1094 450 1309 665 1524 21 880236 1095 451 1310 666 1525 22 881 237 1096 452 1311 667 1526 23 882 2381097 453 1312 668 1527 24 883 239 1098 454 1313 669 1528 25 884 240 1099455 1314 670 1529 26 885 241 1100 456 1315 671 1530 27 886 242 1101 4571316 672 1531 28 887 243 1102 458 1317 673 1532 29 888 244 1103 459 1318674 1533 30 889 245 1104 460 1319 675 1534 31 890 246 1105 461 1320 6761535 32 891 247 1106 462 1321 677 1536 33 892 248 1107 463 1322 678 153734 893 249 1108 464 1323 679 1538 35 894 250 1109 465 1324 680 1539 36895 251 1110 466 1325 681 1540 37 896 252 1111 467 1326 682 1541 38 897253 1112 468 1327 683 1542 39 898 254 1113 469 1328 684 1543 40 899 2551114 470 1329 685 1544 41 900 256 1115 471 1330 686 1545 42 901 257 1116472 1331 687 1546 43 902 258 1117 473 1332 688 1547 44 903 259 1118 4741333 689 1548 45 904 260 1119 475 1334 690 1549 46 905 261 1120 476 1335691 1550 47 906 262 1121 477 1336 692 1551 48 907 263 1122 478 1337 6931552 49 908 264 1123 479 1338 694 1553 50 909 265 1124 480 1339 695 155451 910 266 1125 481 1340 696 1555 52 911 267 1126 482 1341 697 1556 53912 268 1127 483 1342 698 1557 54 913 269 1128 484 1343 699 1558 55 914270 1129 485 1344 700 1559 56 915 271 1130 486 1345 701 1560 57 916 2721131 487 1346 702 1561 58 917 273 1132 488 1347 703 1562 59 918 274 1133489 1348 704 1563 60 919 275 1134 490 1349 705 1564 61 920 276 1135 4911350 706 1565 62 921 277 1136 492 1351 707 1566 63 922 278 1137 493 1352708 1567 64 923 279 1138 494 1353 709 1568 65 924 280 1139 495 1354 7101569 66 925 281 1140 496 1355 711 1570 67 926 282 1141 497 1356 712 157168 927 283 1142 498 1357 713 1572 69 928 284 1143 499 1358 714 1573 70929 285 1144 500 1359 715 1574 71 930 286 1145 501 1360 716 1575 72 931287 1146 502 1361 717 1576 73 932 288 1147 503 1362 718 1577 74 933 2891148 504 1363 719 1578 75 934 290 1149 505 1364 720 1579 76 935 291 1150506 1365 721 1580 77 936 292 1151 507 1366 722 1581 78 937 293 1152 5081367 723 1582 79 938 294 1153 509 1368 724 1583 80 939 295 1154 510 1369725 1584 81 940 296 1155 511 1370 726 1585 82 941 297 1156 512 1371 7271586 83 942 298 1157 513 1372 728 1587 84 943 299 1158 514 1373 729 158885 944 300 1159 515 1374 730 1589 86 945 301 1160 516 1375 731 1590 87946 302 1161 517 1376 732 1591 88 947 303 1162 518 1377 733 1592 89 948304 1163 519 1378 734 1593 90 949 305 1164 520 1379 735 1594 91 950 3061165 521 1380 736 1595 92 951 307 1166 522 1381 737 1596 93 952 308 1167523 1382 738 1597 94 953 309 1168 524 1383 739 1598 95 954 310 1169 5251384 740 1599 96 955 311 1170 526 1385 741 1600 97 956 312 1171 527 1386742 1601 98 957 313 1172 528 1387 743 1602 99 958 314 1173 529 1388 7441603 100 959 315 1174 530 1389 745 1604 101 960 316 1175 531 1390 7461605 102 961 317 1176 532 1391 747 1606 103 962 318 1177 533 1392 7481607 104 963 319 1178 534 1393 749 1608 105 964 320 1179 535 1394 7501609 106 965 321 1180 536 1395 751 1610 107 966 322 1181 537 1396 7521611 108 967 323 1182 538 1397 753 1612 109 968 324 1183 539 1398 7541613 110 969 325 1184 540 1399 755 1614 111 970 326 1185 541 1400 7561615 112 971 327 1186 542 1401 757 1616 113 972 328 1187 543 1402 7581617 114 973 329 1188 544 1403 759 1618 115 974 330 1189 545 1404 7601619 116 975 331 1190 546 1405 761 1620 117 976 332 1191 547 1406 7621621 118 977 333 1192 548 1407 763 1622 119 978 334 1193 549 1408 7641623 120 979 335 1194 550 1409 765 1624 121 980 336 1195 551 1410 7661625 122 981 337 1196 552 1411 767 1626 123 982 338 1197 553 1412 7681627 124 983 339 1198 554 1413 769 1628 125 984 340 1199 555 1414 7701629 126 985 341 1200 556 1415 771 1630 127 986 342 1201 557 1416 7721631 128 987 343 1202 558 1417 773 1632 129 988 344 1203 559 1418 7741633 130 989 345 1204 560 1419 775 1634 131 990 346 1205 561 1420 7761635 132 991 347 1206 562 1421 777 1636 133 992 348 1207 563 1422 7781637 134 993 349 1208 564 1423 779 1638 135 994 350 1209 565 1424 7801639 136 995 351 1210 566 1425 781 1640 137 996 352 1211 567 1426 7821641 138 997 353 1212 568 1427 783 1642 139 998 354 1213 569 1428 7841643 140 999 355 1214 570 1429 785 1644 141 1000 356 1215 571 1430 7861645 142 1001 357 1216 572 1431 787 1646 143 1002 358 1217 573 1432 7881647 144 1003 359 1218 574 1433 789 1648 145 1004 360 1219 575 1434 7901649 146 1005 361 1220 576 1435 791 1650 147 1006 362 1221 577 1436 7921651 148 1007 363 1222 578 1437 793 1652 149 1008 364 1223 579 1438 7941653 150 1009 365 1224 580 1439 795 1654 151 1010 366 1225 581 1440 7961655 152 1011 367 1226 582 1441 797 1656 153 1012 368 1227 583 1442 7981657 154 1013 369 1228 584 1443 799 1658 155 1014 370 1229 585 1444 8001659 156 1015 371 1230 586 1445 801 1660 157 1016 372 1231 587 1446 8021661 158 1017 373 1232 588 1447 803 1662 159 1018 374 1233 589 1448 8041663 160 1019 375 1234 590 1449 805 1664 161 1020 376 1235 591 1450 8061665 162 1021 377 1236 592 1451 807 1666 163 1022 378 1237 593 1452 8081667 164 1023 379 1238 594 1453 809 1668 165 1024 380 1239 595 1454 8101669 166 1025 381 1240 596 1455 811 1670 167 1026 382 1241 597 1456 8121671 168 1027 383 1242 598 1457 813 1672 169 1028 384 1243 599 1458 8141673 170 1029 385 1244 600 1459 815 1674 171 1030 386 1245 601 1460 8161675 172 1031 387 1246 602 1461 817 1676 173 1032 388 1247 603 1462 8181677 174 1033 389 1248 604 1463 819 1678 175 1034 390 1249 605 1464 8201679 176 1035 391 1250 606 1465 821 1680 177 1036 392 1251 607 1466 8221681 178 1037 393 1252 608 1467 823 1682 179 1038 394 1253 609 1468 8241683 180 1039 395 1254 610 1469 825 1684 181 1040 396 1255 611 1470 8261685 182 1041 397 1256 612 1471 827 1686 183 1042 398 1257 613 1472 8281687 184 1043 399 1258 614 1473 829 1688 185 1044 400 1259 615 1474 8301689 186 1045 401 1260 616 1475 831 1690 187 1046 402 1261 617 1476 8321691 188 1047 403 1262 618 1477 833 1692 189 1048 404 1263 619 1478 8341693 190 1049 405 1264 620 1479 835 1694 191 1050 406 1265 621 1480 8361695 192 1051 407 1266 622 1481 837 1696 193 1052 408 1267 623 1482 8381697 194 1053 409 1268 624 1483 839 1698 195 1054 410 1269 625 1484 8401699 196 1055 411 1270 626 1485 841 1700 197 1056 412 1271 627 1486 8421701 198 1057 413 1272 628 1487 843 1702 199 1058 414 1273 629 1488 8441703 200 1059 415 1274 630 1489 845 1704 201 1060 416 1275 631 1490 8461705 202 1061 417 1276 632 1491 847 1706 203 1062 418 1277 633 1492 8481707 204 1063 419 1278 634 1493 849 1708 205 1064 420 1279 635 1494 8501709 206 1065 421 1280 636 1495 851 1710 207 1066 422 1281 637 1496 8521711 208 1067 423 1282 638 1497 853 1712 209 1068 424 1283 639 1498 8541713 210 1069 425 1284 640 1499 855 1714 211 1070 426 1285 641 1500 8561715 212 1071 427 1286 642 1501 857 1716 213 1072 428 1287 643 1502 8581717 214 1073 429 1288 644 1503 859 1718 215 1074 430 1289 645 1504*Trigger sequences are provided for the anti-sense strand of the dsRNAtrigger in 5′ to 3′ direction. ** T44966 and T44967 are positivecontrols based on a Phyllotreta striolata arginine kinase mRNA disclosedin Zhao et al. (2008), Eur. J. Entomol., 5:815.

The embodiments of dsRNA trigger sequences provided in Table 1 aregenerally useful for RNA-mediated suppression of the correspondingtarget gene identified in Table 1. These dsRNA triggers are useful forcontrolling insects, especially flea beetles, including the sourcespecies from which the target genes in Table 1 were identified.RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided inTable 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting, or otherwisecontrolling, target insect species in the following genera: Altica,Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda,Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema,Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix,Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis,Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia,Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra,Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida,Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta,Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola,Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia.In embodiments, compositions including a dsRNA trigger for suppressionof one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1 (e.g., acomposition including an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAtriggers provided in Table 1) are useful for controlling at least one ofAltica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie fleabeetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplarflea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberryflea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (cornflea beetle), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrixcucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestrippedfleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle), thuspreventing or treating plant infestation by these species. For example,a composition including an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAtriggers provided in Table 1 is useful for preventing or treatinginfestation of potato plants by Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).

In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the targetgenes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNA triggersprovided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting in fleabeetle species in the genera Phyllotreta and Psylliodes, thus preventingor treating plant infestation by these species. In specific embodiments,RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided inTable 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting in at least one fleabeetle species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotretaarmoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canolaflea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle),Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra(turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle),Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata,Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the targetgenes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1-296 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta atra(turnip flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contactingPhyllotreta atra adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of adsRNA trigger including a sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs:860-1155. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one ormore of the target genes having a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532 is used to cause mortality or stuntingin Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) adults or larvae, forexample, by contacting Phyllotreta cruciferae adults, larvae, or eggswith an effective amount of a dsRNA trigger including a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391. Inembodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target geneshaving a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:533-551 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotretastriolata (striped flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, bycontacting Phyllotreta striolata adults, larvae, or eggs with aneffective amount of a dsRNA trigger including a sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410. In embodiments,RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859 isused to cause mortality or stunting in Psylliodes chrysocephala adultsor larvae, for example, by contacting Psylliodes chrysocephala adults,larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA trigger including asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718.

Plants which can be protected by such infestation by transgenicexpression or topical application of one or more of the dsRNA triggersprovided in Table 1 include any plant species or variety that is subjectto infestation by flea beetles, especially plants of economicimportance, including ornamental plants and crop plants. Embodiments ofsuch plants include plants in the family Brassicaceae (mustard family),such as a plant in the genus Brassica including, for example, one of thefollowing: B. napus (rapeseed, including cultivars such as canola andrutabaga), B. juncea (Indian mustard), B. carinata (Abyssinian mustard),B. rapa (turnip), B. oleracea (wild cabbage, including domesticatedcultivars such as, kale, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brusselssprouts, etc.) B. rupestris (brown mustard), B. septiceps (seventopmustard), B. nigra (black mustard), B. narinosa (broadbeaked mustard),B. perviridus (mustard spinach), B. tournefortii (asian mustard), and B.fructiculosa (Mediterranean cabbage). In additional embodiments, thetarget plants may include, but not limited to, one of the following:Glycine max (soybean), Linum usitatissimum (linseed/flax), Zea mays(maize), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Helianthus annuus(sunflower), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Arabidopsis thaliana,Betholettia excelsa (Brazil nut), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Cocosnucifera (coconut), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Gossypium spp.(cotton), Arachis hypogaea (groundnut or peanut), Simmondsia chinensis(jojoba), Solanum tuberosum (potato) Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Oleaeuropaea (olive), Oryza sativa (rice), Cucurbita maxima (squash),Hordeum vulgare (barley), and Triticum aestivum (wheat).

An aspect includes compositions including an effective amount of one ormore of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1 for topical treatment ofa plant to be treated for, or be protected from, flea beetleinfestation. Another aspect includes a recombinant DNA constructencoding at least one strand of at least one the dsRNA triggers providedin Table 1 for transgenic expression in a plant that has improvedresistance to flea beetle infestation, in comparison to a plant notexpressing such a construct.

Example 2

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of testing theefficacy of dsRNA trigger sequences and validating the triggers' utilityfor suppressing coding DNA sequences useful as target genes forcontrolling insect species. More specifically this example illustrates amethod including contacting an insect, such as a flea beetle adult orlarva, with one or more dsRNA triggers designed to cause stunting ormortality in the insect. Other embodiments include methods where thedsRNA trigger is delivered to the insect by oral delivery (e.g., on orin a food material ingested by the insect), or through non-oral delivery(e.g., delivery through the insect's cuticle, or delivery by contactingan egg of the insect).

In one embodiment, a feeding assay is used to determine efficacy of adsRNA trigger in causing stunting or mortality in insects, such as fleabeetles. To test the efficacy of the dsRNA triggers to kill or stuntflea beetles, a single discriminating dose (for example, 100nanograms/milliliter) is used to identify dsRNA triggers with measurableability to kill or stunt flea beetles at that dose. A negative controldsRNA trigger, such as a dsRNA targeting green fluorescent protein(GFP), is also included in the assay. Each dsRNA trigger is coatedevenly onto 1.0 centimeter diameter canola leaf discs and placed inmultiwell trays, with 2 male and 2 female adult flea beetles or 4 fleabeetle larvae per well. Every 24 hours for a set period (e.g., 2 weeks),new, freshly-coated leaves are provided. Stunting and mortality arescored periodically (e.g., daily, or every 2 or 3 days).

The dsRNA triggers that show efficacy in this single-dose assay aretested further. Using a similar protocol, varying doses of dsRNAtriggers are tested, as described above, to determine the LC50 dose foreach of the active dsRNAs. Bioassays include 12-24 insects per dose,performed in triplicate. Stunting and mortality is assessed over a 2week period, scored on every third day.

The dsRNA trigger sequences that are confirmed to be effective insuppressing a target gene in a sequence-specific manner are useful foridentifying efficacious RNA delivery agents and formulations. Theinsecticidal activity of formulations containing the dsRNA triggers canbe optimized by various techniques, such as modifying the chemicalentities in the formulation or modifying the ratio of the chemicalcomponents in the formulation. Non-limiting examples of delivery agentsand formulations are provided in Example 5.

Example 3

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods forvalidating dsRNA trigger efficacy for suppressing or silencing a targetgene in an insect cell or causing stunting or mortality in an insect.More specifically this example illustrates methods for testing dsRNAtriggers for efficacy in preventing or treating flea beetle infestationsin whole plants.

Polynucleotides (such as the dsRNA trigger sequences described inExamples 1 and 2) that have been confirmed to be effective insuppressing a target gene in a sequence-specific manner are furtherevaluated in whole plant assays. In one method, the polynucleotides(e.g., dsRNA triggers) are applied directly to the insect surface (e.g.by spraying or dusting). In another method, the polynucleotides areprovided to the insect in an insect diet (e.g., in a bacterial or plantcell expressing a dsRNA trigger such as a hairpin form of a dsRNAtrigger, or in an artificial bait containing RNA). Stunting andmortality are scored periodically, as described in Example 2.

In various methods that are also appropriate for large-scale application(e.g., to fields of crop plants), the polynucleotide is applied in afoliar application through aerial or terrestrial spraying or dusting orchemigation on the leaf surface to control early season damage from theadult stage of the life cycle, or applied as a seed treatment to controllarval or adult stages of the insect life cycle, or applied as a soilin-furrow or drench application to control larval or adult stages of theinsect life cycle. An example of a foliar testing regime includestreating the plant immediately after emergence from the ground andevaluating foliar damage caused by adult flea beetles 1-2 weeks afterplant emergence. For in-furrow or seed treatment similar timing fordamage evaluation is followed.

Example 4

The polynucleotides are generally designed to modulate expression byinducing regulation or suppression of an insect target gene and aredesigned to have a nucleotide sequence essentially identical oressentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence an insect targetgene or cDNA (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1-859) or to the sequence of RNAtranscribed from an insect target gene, which can be coding sequence ornon-coding sequence. These effective polynucleotide molecules thatmodulate expression are referred to herein as a “trigger”, or“triggers”. This example describes non-limiting techniques useful in thedesign and selection of polynucleotides as “triggers” to modulateexpression of an insect target gene.

Selection of Polynucleotide Triggers by “Tiling”

Polynucleotides of use in the compositions and methods disclosed hereinneed not be of the full length of a target gene, and in many embodimentsare of much shorter length in comparison to the target gene. An exampleof a technique that is useful for selecting effective triggers is“tiling”, or evaluation of polynucleotides corresponding to adjacent orpartially overlapping segments of a target gene.

Effective polynucleotide “triggers” can be identified by “tiling” genetargets in selected length fragments, e.g., fragments of 200-300nucleotides in length, with partially overlapping regions, e.g., ofabout 25 nucleotides, along the length of the target gene. To suppress asingle gene, trigger sequences are designed to correspond to (have anucleotide identity or complementarity with) regions that are unique tothe target gene; the selected region of the target gene can includecoding sequence or non-coding sequence (e.g., promoter regions, 3′untranslated regions, introns and the like) or a combination of both.

Where it is of interest to design a target effective in suppressingmultiple target genes, the multiple target gene sequences are alignedand polynucleotide triggers designed to correspond to regions with highsequence homology in common among the multiple targets. Conversely,where it is of interest to design a target effective in selectivelysuppressing one among multiple target sequences, the multiple targetgene sequences are aligned and polynucleotide triggers designed tocorrespond to regions with no or low sequence homology in common amongthe multiple targets.

In a non-limiting example, anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers aredesigned for each of the target genes listed in Table 1 as follows.Multiple anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers, each of 200-300nucleotides in length and with a sequence corresponding to (e.g., foranti-sense triggers, complementary to) a fragment of a target genehaving a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-859 are designed so thateach trigger's sequence overlaps about 25 nucleotides of the nextadjacent trigger's sequence, in such a way that the multiple triggers incombination cover the full length of the target gene. (Sense triggersare designed in an analogous fashion, where the trigger sequence isidentical to a fragment of the target gene. Similarly, double-strandedtriggers can be designed by providing pairs of sense and anti-sensetriggers, each pair of triggers overlapping the next adjacent pair oftriggers.)

The polynucleotide triggers are tested by any convenient means forefficacy in silencing the insect target gene. Examples of a suitabletest include the bioassays described herein in the working Examples.Another test involves the topical application of the polynucleotidetriggers either directly to individual insects or to the surface of aplant to be protected from an insect infestation. One desired result oftreatment with a polynucleotide as disclosed herein is prevention orcontrol of an insect infestation, e.g., by inducing in an insect aphysiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to, growthstunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity,decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease inor cessation of metamorphosis stage development. Another desired resultof treatment with a polynucleotide as disclosed herein is provision of aplant that exhibits improved resistance to an insect infestation.

The tiling procedure can be repeated, if desired. A polynucleotidetrigger found to provide desired activity can itself be subjected to atiling procedure. For example, multiple overlapping anti-sensesingle-stranded RNA triggers are designed, each of 50-60 nucleotides inlength and with a sequence corresponding to (e.g., for anti-sensetriggers, complementary to) the fragment of a target gene having asequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-859 for which a singlepolynucleotide trigger of 300 nucleotides was found to be effective.Additional rounds of tiling analysis can be carried out, where triggersas short as 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides are tested.

Effective polynucleotide triggers of any size can be used, alone or incombination, in the various methods disclosed herein. In someembodiments, a single polynucleotide trigger is used to make acomposition (e.g., a composition for topical application, or arecombinant DNA construct useful for making a transgenic plant). Inother embodiments, a mixture or pool of different polynucleotidetriggers is used; in such cases the polynucleotide triggers can be for asingle target gene or for multiple target genes. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide trigger is designed to target different regions of thetarget gene, e.g., a trigger can include multiple segments thatcorrespond to different exon regions of the target gene, and “spacer”nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally beused in between or adjacent to the segments.

Thermodynamic Considerations in Selecting Polynucleotide Triggers

Polynucleotide triggers can be designed or their sequence optimisedusing thermodynamic considerations. For example, polynucleotide triggerscan be selected based on the thermodynamics controlling hybridizationbetween one nucleic acid strand (e.g., a polynucleotide trigger or anindividual siRNA) and another (e.g., a target gene transcript)

Methods and algorithms to predict nucleotide sequences that are likelyto be effective at RNAi-mediated silencing of a target gene are known inthe art. Non-limiting examples of such methods and algorithms include“i-score”, described by Ichihara et al. (2007) Nucleic Acids Res.,35(18): 123e; “Oligowalk”, publicly available atrna.urmc.rochester.edu/servers/oligowalk and described by Lu et al.(2008) Nucleic Acids Res., 36:W104-108; and “Reynolds score”, describedby Khovorova et al. (2004) Nature Biotechnol., 22:326-330.

Permitted Mismatches

By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” is meant thatthe trigger polynucleotide (or at least one strand of a double-strandedpolynucleotide) has sufficient identity or complementarity to the targetgene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene (e.g., the transcript)to suppress expression of a target gene (e.g., to effect a reduction inlevels or activity of the target gene transcript and/or encodedprotein). Polynucleotides need not have 100 percent identity orcomplementarity to a target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a targetgene to suppress expression of the target gene (e.g., to effect areduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript or encodedprotein, or to provide control of an insect species). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to beessentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence ofat least 18 or 19 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene orthe RNA transcribed from the target gene. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be exactly identicalto, or exactly complementary to, a sequence of 21 contiguous nucleotidesin either the target gene or the RNA transcribed from the target gene.In certain embodiments, an “essentially identical” polynucleotide has100 percent sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identitywhen compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides ineither the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from thetarget gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially complementary”polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence complementarity or at leastabout 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or99 percent sequence complementarity when compared to the sequence of 18or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNAtranscribed from the target gene.

Polynucleotides containing mismatches to the target gene or transcriptcan be used in certain embodiments of the compositions and methodsdisclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes atleast 18 or at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentiallyidentical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent lengthin the target gene or target gene's transcript. In certain embodiments,a polynucleotide of 19 contiguous nucleotides that is essentiallyidentical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent lengthin the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or 2mismatches to the target gene or transcript (i.e., 1 or 2 mismatchesbetween the polynucleotide's 19 contiguous nucleotides and the segmentof equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript). Incertain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 20 or more nucleotides thatcontains a contiguous 19 nucleotide span of identity or complementarityto a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene'stranscript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript.In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 21 continuous nucleotidesthat is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segmentof equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript canhave 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certainembodiments, a polynucleotide of 22 or more nucleotides that contains acontiguous 21 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to asegment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene'stranscript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene ortranscript.

In designing polynucleotides with mismatches to an endogenous targetgene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene, mismatches ofcertain types and at certain positions that are more likely to betolerated can be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, mismatchesformed between adenine and cytosine or guanosine and uracil residues areused as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33:1671-1677.In some embodiments, mismatches in 19 base-pair overlap regions arelocated at the low tolerance positions 5, 7, 8 or 11 (from the 5′ end ofa 19-nucleotide target), at medium tolerance positions 3, 4, and12-17(from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), and/or at the hightolerance positions at either end of the region of complementarity,e.g., positions 1, 2, 18, and 19 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotidetarget) as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res.,33:1671-1677. Tolerated mismatches can be empirically determined inroutine assays such as those described herein in the working Examples.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides include additional nucleotidesfor reasons of stability or for convenience in cloning or synthesis. Inone embodiment, the polynucleotide is a dsRNA including an RNA strandwith a segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724and further including an additional 5′ G or an additional 3′ C or both,adjacent to the segment. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is adouble-stranded RNA including additional nucleotides to form anoverhang, for example, a dsRNA including 2 deoxyribonucleotides to forma 3′ overhang.

Embedding Active Triggers in Neutral Sequence

In an embodiment, a bioactive trigger (i.e., a polynucleotide with asequence corresponding to the target gene and which is responsible foran observed suppression of the target gene) is embedded in “neutral”sequence, e.g., inserted into additional nucleotides that have nosequence identity or complementarity to the target gene. Neutralsequence can be desirable, e.g., to increase the overall length of apolynucleotide. For example, it can be desirable for a polynucleotide tobe of a particular size for reasons of stability, cost-effectiveness inmanufacturing, or biological activity.

It has been reported that in another coleopteran species, Diabroticavirgifera, dsRNAs greater than or equal to approximately 60 base-pairs(bp) are required for biological activity in artificial diet bioassays;see Bolognesi et al. (2012) PLoS ONE 7(10): e47534.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047534. Thus, in one embodiment, a21-base-pair dsRNA trigger corresponding to a target gene in Table 1 andfound to provide control of an insect infestation is embedded in neutralsequence of an additional 39 base pairs, thus forming a polynucleotideof about 60 base pairs. In another embodiment, a single 21-base-pairtrigger is found to be efficacious when embedded in larger sections ofneutral sequence, e.g., where the total polynucleotide length is fromabout 60 to about 300 base pairs. In another embodiment, at least onesegment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 isembedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide anefficacious trigger. In another embodiment, segments from multiplesequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and1722-1724 are embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to providean efficacious trigger.

It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant RNAsdisclosed herein (e.g., the dsRNA triggers including a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724, oractive fragments of these triggers) with one or more non-polynucleotidepesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in preventionor control of insect infestations, when compared to the effect obtainedwith the recombinant RNA alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidalagent alone. Routine insect bioassays such as the bioassays describedherein in the working Examples are useful for defining dose-responsesfor larval mortality or growth inhibition using combinations of thepolynucleotides disclosed herein and one or more non-polynucleotidepesticidal agents (e.g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid,a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdusinsecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacilluslaterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphaericusinsecticidal protein). One of skill in the art can test combinations ofpolynucleotides and non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents in routinebioassays to identify combinations of bioactives that are synergisticand desirable for use in protecting plants from insect infestations.

Example 5

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods of testingthe efficacy of dsRNA triggers in flea beetles. More specifically thisexample illustrates a method including oral delivery of dsRNAs to fleabeetles, resulting in stunting or mortality in the flea beetles.

P. cruciferae were collected from a canola field where no pesticides hadbeen applied in the previous 3 months. Three dsRNAs (SEQ ID NOs:1169,1193, and 1392) targeting Phyllotreta genes and one negative controldsRNA targeting GFP were tested on groups of 30 P. cruciferae. ThedsRNAs were resuspended in water and applied to 6 millimeter leaf discs(55±6 milligrams each) at a discriminating dose of 50 nanogramsdsRNA/milligram leaf tissue, which were fed to groups of 5 flea beetles.Leaf discs with freshly applied dsRNA were replaced every other day, andthe number of surviving individuals was recorded over a 2-week period. Alow non-specific mortality rate was observed in the negative-controlinsect groups (3 out of 30 insects dying over 2 weeks, or 10%non-specific mortality). Mortality was observed beginning at day 4 andcontinuing through the 2 week period. Specific mortality was observedfor all dsRNA treatments (Table 2). Correcting for non-specificmortality (subtracting non-specific mortality rate of 3 insects pergroup for corrected N=27), the percent mortality observed at the end ofthe 2-week period was 85% (SEQ ID NO:1169), 0.70% (SEQ ID NO:1193), and0.63% (SEQ ID NO:1392). These results demonstrated the efficacy of thedsRNA triggers in causing mortality in flea beetles when provided in theflea beetles' diet.

TABLE 2 Cumulative number of dead P. cruciferae (N = 30) Negative SEQ IDNO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Day control 1169 1193 1392 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 14 2 6 2 2 6 2 9 3 3 8 2 13 8 9 10 3 18 16 15 12 3 23 19 18 14 3 26 22 20

In a second series of experiments carried out in a similar manner,several dsRNA triggers were tested at a discriminating dose of 50nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue on P. cruciferae; two lower doses(15 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue and 2 nanogramsdsRNA/milligram leaf tissue) were also tested. Ten beetles were testedat each dose. The negative control (five replicates) used was a dsRNAtrigger targeting the bacterial gene uidA encoding beta-glucuronidase(NCBI accession number NC_000913.3). Leaf discs with freshly applieddsRNA were replaced every other day, and mortality was recorded over a12 day period. The overall mortality rate for the negative controls was˜4% (likely due to handling injuries) over the 12-day observationperiod. The observed cumulative mortality (N=10) following 12 daysexposure to the dsRNAs are provided in Table 3; the negative controlmortality values are given as an average (N=5). Eight of the dsRNAtriggers (indicated by a mortality rating of +++) caused 90-100%mortality at the highest dose and were still highly effective (80% orhigher mortality) at the lowest dose tested. Some dsRNA triggers(indicated by a mortality rating of ++) induced mortality in aproportion of the insects at the highest dose, but were less effectiveat lower doses (<20% mortality).

TABLE 3 cumulative mortality (N = 10) Mortality Trigger SEQ ID NO: 50ng/mg 15 ng/mg 2 ng/mg Rating*  870 3 1 0 −  876 3 1 0 − 1156 2 0 0 −1157 10 3 0 − 1158 2 0 0 − 1159 5 2 0 − 1160 2 0 0 − 1161 10 3 1 − 11634 4 2 − 1164 10 8 4 ++ 1165 8 7 5 ++ 1166 5 2 2 − 1167 6 2 0 − 1168 8 50 − 1169 10 10 8 +++ 1170 9 5 3 − 1171 10 10 6 ++ 1392 3 2 0 − 1393 6 10 − 1186 9 7 5 − 1394 9 9 5 − 1187 9 9 8 +++ 1193 10 10 9 +++ 1210 6 3 1− 1219 8 3 2 − 1224 10 9 8 +++ 1234 10 7 6 ++ 1243 5 2 0 − 1258 9 4 2 −1396 9 6 5 ++ 1397 6 3 0 − 1398 8 7 7 ++ 1399 10 10 8 +++ 1400 2 1 1 −1403 9 6 6 − 1404 10 7 4 − 1405 6 6 2 − 1406 9 9 7 +++ 1407 10 9 8 +++1408 9 9 9 +++ negative control (GFP) 0.6 0.6 0.4 − negative control(beta- 0.4 0.6 0.2 − glucuronidase) negative control (water 0.2 0.4 0.6− only) *+++ rating indicates high (>80%) mortalities for all threedoses; ++ rating indicates high mortalities for the highest dose, andwithin 40 to 70% mortality with the lower two doses.

Other techniques for delivering these or similar dsRNA triggers arecontemplated and include applying the dsRNA triggers directly to theinsect surface (e.g. by spraying or dusting), or providing the dsRNAtriggers to the insect in a diet or bait (e.g., in a bacterial or plantcell expressing a dsRNA trigger such as a hairpin form of a dsRNAtrigger, or in an artificial bait containing the dsRNA). In anembodiment, a hairpin version of the Phyllotreta trigger with thesequence SEQ ID NO: 1169 is designed; this hairpin version is encoded bythe DNA sequence SEQ ID NO:1722, which contains, in 5′ to 3′ order,anti-sense sequence (nucleotide positions 1-267), loop sequence(nucleotide positions 268-373) which does not contain matches toPhyllotreta sequences, and sense sequence (nucleotide positions374-640). This DNA sequence is expressed as a single-stranded RNAtranscript, wherein the anti-sense and sense regions anneal to form thedouble-stranded “stem” region of the hairpin. The construct is expressedin a bacterium, such as E. coli; the resulting dsRNA hairpin produced inthe bacterium is provided to flea beetles as a crude or purifiedfermentation product, or in the form of the bacterial cells. Similarconstructs are designed encoding dsRNAs having modified stem-loops, suchas “stabilized anti-sense” or “stabilized sense” versions, which containstabilized loops formed by an extended anti-sense or sense sequence,respectively, of trigger sequence corresponding to the intended targetgene.

Example 6

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide moleculeshaving a nucleotide sequence containing specific modifications such asnucleotide substitutions. Embodiments of such modifications includemodified dsRNA triggers that provide improved sequence discriminationbetween the intended target gene of the insect pest of interest, andgenetic sequences of other, non-target species.

Selected dsRNA triggers identified in Table 1 were screened forunintended sequence matches to a sequence of at least 19 contiguousnucleotides identified in a non-target gene or a non-target organism(NTO, e.g., Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens and B. terrestris;Coleomegilla spp.; Danaus plexippus; Homo sapiens; Megachile rotundata;Mus musculus; and Brassica rapa). Nucleotide changes are made in anoriginal trigger sequence to eliminate undesirable sequence matches to anon-target gene or non-target organism. Examples of such modifiedtrigger sequences are provided by SEQ ID NO:1723, which corresponds toSEQ ID NO:1393 (which targets the same flea beetle gene as does thetrigger SEQ ID NO:1392), and SEQ ID NO:1724, which corresponds to SEQ IDNO:1169. These modified trigger sequences provide improveddiscrimination between the intended target species and non-targetorganisms.

Example 7

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide moleculeshaving a nucleotide sequence for silencing a target gene in more thanone species. Embodiments include dsRNA sequences of at least 21contiguous nucleotides identified as having 100% complementarity oridentity to more than one species-specific target gene.

Table 3 provides a list of sequences, each at least 21 contiguousnucleotides in length and identified by the sequence's coordinates in adsRNA trigger for one flea beetle species, wherein the identicalsequence is also found in a dsRNA trigger for a different flea beetlespecies. These sequences are useful as triggers in the multiple speciesin which the sequence co-occurs. For example, the trigger having thesequence of SEQ ID NO:1186 (targeting a Phyllotreta cruciferae COPIalpha target gene, SEQ ID NO:327) contains five sequences of at least 21contiguous nucleotides at positions 1-71, 88-116, 136-209, 238-266, and274-296, all of which match a sequence in the triggers having thesequences of SEQ ID NOs:882 and 888 (targeting a Phyllotreta atra COPIalpha target genes, SEQ ID NOs:23 and 29, respectively); these fivesequences are therefore useful in targeting a gene in the twoPhyllotreta species.

TABLE 3 QUERY Trigger QUERY Trigger SEQ SUBJECT Trigger SEQ SUBJECTTrigger ID NO: start end SEQ ID NO: ID NO: start end Trigger SEQ ID NO:1186 1 71 882, 888 1333 329 351 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 118688 116 882, 888 1334 42 98 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1186 136209 882, 888 1334 109 185 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1186 238 266882, 888 1334 187 254 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1186 274 296882, 888 1334 271 302 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 51 96900-908, 910 1335 2 47 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 137 177900-908, 910 1335 49 116 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 179 216900-908, 910 1335 133 164 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 218 255900-908, 910 1335 229 251 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 257 342900-908, 910 1336 34 90 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 2 25900-908, 910 1336 101 177 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 66 106900-908, 910 1336 179 246 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 108 145900-908, 910 1336 263 294 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 147 184900-908, 910 1338 40 96 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 186 271900-908, 910 1338 107 183 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 273 298900-908, 910 1338 185 252 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 300 330900-908, 910 1338 269 300 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 58 96900-908, 910 1328 35 59 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 300 336900-908, 910 1331 60 84 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 44 96900-908, 910 1332 1 26 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 179 200900-908, 910 1333 36 60 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 108 129900-908, 910 1334 74 98 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 218 242900-908, 910 1336 66 90 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 147 171900-908, 910 1338 72 96 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 257 277900-908, 910 1331 1 26 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 186 206900-908, 910 1334 2 40 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 257 334900-908, 910 1336 2 32 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 186 263900-908, 910 1338 2 38 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1191 257 320900-908, 910 1328 36 59 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1192 186 249900-908, 910 1331 61 84 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1193 15 101911, 915, 916, 919 1332 3 26 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1194 6 92911, 915, 916, 919 1333 37 60 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1195 2107 911, 915, 916, 919 1334 75 98 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1195121 207 911, 915, 916, 919 1336 67 90 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 15981196 2 122 911, 915, 916, 919 1338 73 96 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,1598 1196 136 222 911, 915, 916, 919 1329 172 191 1039-1043 1045 1197 220 911, 915, 916, 919 1329 265 296 1039-1043 1045 1197 22 42 911, 915,916, 919 1329 298 317 1039-1043 1045 1197 44 180 911, 915, 916, 919 1329319 343 1039-1043 1045 1197 194 280 911, 915, 916, 919 1330 181 2001039-1043 1045 1198 18 38 911, 915, 916, 919 1330 274 305 1039-1043 10451198 40 176 911, 915, 916, 919 1330 307 326 1039-1043 1045 1198 190 276911, 915, 916, 919 1330 328 352 1039-1043 1045 1199 5 25 911, 915, 916,919 1335 283 302 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1199 27 163 911, 915,916, 919 1337 1 19 1043, 1045 1199 177 263 911, 915, 916, 919 1337 93124 1043, 1045 1200 16 152 911, 915, 916, 919 1337 126 145 1043, 10451200 166 252 911, 915, 916, 919 1337 147 171 1043, 1045 1201 19 105 911,915, 916, 919 1329 319 352 1039-1043 1045 1202 2 119 911, 915, 916, 9191337 147 180 1043, 1045 1202 133 219 911, 915, 916, 919 1386 2 381054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1203 14 100 911, 915, 916, 919 1386 40 591054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1193 123 189 911, 915, 916, 919 1386 70 951054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1194 114 180 911, 915, 916, 919 1386 103 1611054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1195 229 295 911, 915, 916, 919 1386 196 2621054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1196 244 310 911, 915, 916, 919 1388 2 511054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1197 302 350 911, 915, 916, 919 1388 53 721054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1198 298 350 911, 915, 916, 919 1388 83 1081054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1199 285 352 911, 915, 916, 919 1388 116 1741054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1200 274 340 911, 915, 916, 919 1388 209 2751054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1201 127 193 911, 915, 916, 919 1390 88 1191054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1202 241 307 911, 915, 916, 919 1390145 194 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1203 122 188 911, 915, 916, 9191390 196 215 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1193 123 196 911, 915,916, 919 1390 226 251 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1193 198 230 911,915, 916, 919 1390 259 317 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1194 114 187911, 915, 916, 919 1391 19 50 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1194 189221 911, 915, 916, 919 1391 76 125 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1195229 302 911, 915, 916, 919 1391 127 146 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-14981195 304 336 911, 915, 916, 919 1391 157 182 1054-1057, 1060, 1492,1496-1498 1196 1 122 911, 915, 916, 919 1391 190 248 1054-1057, 1060,1492, 1496-1498 1196 244 317 911, 915, 916, 919 1391 283 349 1054-1057,1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1196 319 351 911, 915, 916, 919 1384 20 39 1055,1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1197 60 180 911, 915, 916, 919 1384 62 841055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1198 56 176 911, 915, 916, 919 1384134 204 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1199 43 163 911, 915, 916, 9191384 206 249 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1199 285 351 911, 915,916, 919 1384 251 270 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1200 32 152 911,915, 916, 919 1384 284 305 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1200 274347 911, 915, 916, 919 1385 21 40 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1201127 200 911, 915, 916, 919 1385 63 85 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 15001201 202 234 911, 915, 916, 919 1385 135 205 1055, 1058, 1059,1061-1063, 1500 1202 241 314 911, 915, 916, 919 1385 207 250 1055, 1058,1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1202 316 348 911, 915, 916, 919 1385 252 271 1055,1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1203 122 195 911, 915, 916, 919 1385 285 3061055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1203 197 229 911, 915, 916, 919 1387 221 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1204 6 25 920, 921, 922, 923,924 1387 23 42 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1204 27 49 920,921, 922, 923, 924 1387 56 77 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 10571204 51 118 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1389 1 55 1055, 1058, 1059,1061-1063, 1500 1204 186 214 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1389 57 100 1055,1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1204 219 268 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1389102 121 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1204 270 295 920, 921, 922,923, 924 1389 135 156 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1204 306 351920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1386 196 255 1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1205180 199 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1388 209 268 1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 14981205 201 223 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1391 283 342 1054-1057, 1060, 1492,1496-1498 1205 225 292 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1387 257 321 1055, 1058,1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1206 10 29 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1387 332351 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1206 31 53 920, 921, 922,923, 924 1390 25 56 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1206 55 122 920,921, 922, 923, 924 1384 284 321 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1206190 218 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1385 285 322 1055, 1058, 1059,1061-1063, 1500 1206 223 272 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1387 56 93 1055,1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1206 274 299 920, 921, 922, 923, 9241389 135 172 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1206 310 351 920, 921,922, 923, 924 1386 196 332 1054-1057,1060, 1496, 1498 1207 11 33 920,921, 922, 923, 924 1388 209 345 1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1207 35 102920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1391 283 352 1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-14981207 170 198 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1384 323 348 1055, 1058, 1059,1061-1063, 1500 1207 203 252 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1385 324 349 1055,1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1207 254 279 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1387 95120 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1207 290 335 920, 921, 922,923, 924 1387 128 153 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1208 18 40920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1387 161 186 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500,1057 1208 42 109 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1387 191 210 1055, 1058, 1059,1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1208 177 205 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1389 174 1991055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1208 210 259 920, 921, 922, 923, 9241389 207 232 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1208 261 286 920, 921,922, 923, 924 1389 240 265 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1208 297342 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1389 270 289 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061- 063,1500 1209 101 120 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1283 177 208 1064-1070 1209122 144 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1284 130 161 1064-1070 1209 146 213 920,921, 922, 923, 924 1284 301 351 1064-1070 1209 281 309 920, 921, 922,923, 924 1286 210 241 1064-1070 1209 314 351 920, 921, 922, 923, 9241287 126 157 1064-1070 1205 2 91 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1287 297 3511064-1070 1205 114 142 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1288 326 351 1064-1070,1071 1205 144 178 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1289 41 72 1064-1070 1209 3563 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1289 212 288 1064-1070 1209 65 99 920, 921,922, 923, 924 1289 320 351 1064-1070 1204 306 347 920, 921, 922, 923,924 1290 178 209 1064-1070 1207 290 331 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1291 228259 1064-1070, 1071 1208 297 338 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1292 43 741064-1070 1207 290 352 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1292 214 290 1064-10701208 297 351 920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1292 322 351 1064-1070 1205 18 91920, 921, 922, 923, 924 1293 330 351 1064-1070, 1071 1224 1 43 947-949,951-956 1377 37 68 1064-1070 1224 57 95 947-949, 951-956 1377 208 2841064-1070 1224 97 145 947-949, 951-956 1377 316 348 1064-1070 1224 147175 947-949, 951-956 1289 212 274 1064-1070 1224 177 208 947-949,951-956 1292 214 276 1064-1070 1224 210 262 947-949, 951-956 1377 208270 1064-1070 1224 285 350 947-949, 951-956 1285 123 148 1067, 1069,1071 1225 150 192 947, 949, 951-956 1288 107 132 1064-1070, 1071 1225206 244 947, 949, 951-956 1291 9 34 1064-1070, 1071 1225 246 294 947,949, 951-956 1293 111 136 1064-1070, 1071 1225 296 324 947, 949, 951-9561287 297 347 1064-1070 1225 326 351 947, 949, 951-956 1289 212 2621064-1070 1226 258 300 947, 949, 951-955 1292 214 264 1064-1070 1226 314351 947, 949, 951-955 1377 208 258 1064-1070 1227 253 295 947, 949,951-955 1287 297 352 1064-1070 1227 309 347 947, 949, 951-955 1289 212266 1064-1070 1228 206 248 947, 949, 951-956 1292 214 268 1064-1070 1228262 300 947, 949, 951-956 1377 208 262 1064-1070 1228 302 350 947, 949,951-956 1285 18 61 1067, 1069, 1071 1229 171 213 947, 949, 951-956 12882 45 1064-1070, 1071 1229 227 265 947, 949, 951-956 1293 6 49 1064-1070,1071 1229 267 315 947, 949, 951- 956 1357 1 40 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1229 317 345 947, 949, 951-956 1357 63 85 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1230 252 294 947, 949, 951-955 1357 102 1571079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1230 308 346 947, 949, 951-9551357 159 189 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1231 191 233 947,949, 951-956 1357 191 322 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1231247 285 947, 949, 951-956 1358 25 47 1079- 1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1231 287 335 947, 949, 951-956 1358 64 119 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1232 196 238 947, 949, 951-956 1358 121 151 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1232 252 290 947, 949, 951-956 1358 153 2841079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1232 292 340 947, 949, 951-9561359 31 53 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1233 209 251 947, 949,951-956 1359 70 125 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1233 265 303947, 949, 951-956 1359 127 157 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 14581233 305 351 947, 949, 951-956 1359 159 290 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455,1457, 1458 1224 177 202 947-949, 951-956 1360 38 60 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1225 1 72 947, 949, 951-956 1360 77 1321079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1225 74 135 947, 949, 951-9561360 134 164 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1225 137 192 947,949, 951-956 1360 166 297 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1226110 180 947, 949, 951-955 1361 1 41 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1226 182 243 947, 949, 951-955 1361 64 86 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1226 245 300 947, 949, 951-955 1361 103 158 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1227 105 175 947, 949, 951-955 1361 160 1901079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1227 177 238 947, 949, 951-9551361 192 323 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1227 240 295 947,949, 951-955 1362 31 53 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1228 58128 947, 949, 951-956 1362 70 125 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 14581228 130 191 947, 949, 951-956 1362 127 157 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455,1457, 1458 1228 193 248 947, 949, 951-956 1362 159 290 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1229 23 93 947, 949, 951-956 1363 33 551079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1229 95 156 947, 949, 951-9561363 72 127 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1229 158 213 947,949, 951-956 1363 129 159 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1230104 174 947, 949, 951-955 1363 161 292 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1230 176 237 947, 949, 951-955 1364 4 59 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1230 239 294 947, 949, 951-955 1364 61 91 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1231 43 113 947, 949, 951-956 1364 93 2241079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1231 115 176 947, 949, 951-9561365 35 57 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1231 178 233 947, 949,951-956 1365 74 129 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1232 48 118947, 949, 951-956 1365 131 161 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 14581232 120 181 947, 949, 951-956 1365 163 294 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455,1457, 1458 1232 183 238 947, 949, 951-956 1366 2 26 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1233 61 131 947, 949, 951-956 1366 28 581079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1233 133 194 947, 949, 951-9561366 60 191 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1233 196 251 947,949, 951-956 1367 2 116 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1152, 1153, 1154 1224227 262 947-949, 951-956 1358 322 345 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1224 57 94 947-949, 951-956 1359 328 350 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1225 2 72 947, 949, 951-956 1362 328 351 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1225 206 243 947, 949, 951-956 1363 330 3521079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1226 1 96 947, 949, 951-955 1364262 285 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1226 98 180 947, 949,951-955 1365 332 351 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1227 2 91947, 949, 951-955 1366 229 252 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 14581227 93 175 947, 949, 951-955 1367 154 177 1079-1082, 1152-1154 1227 309346 947, 949, 951-955 1358 322 344 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1228 2 44 947, 949, 951-956 1362 328 350 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1228 46 128 947, 949, 951-956 1364 262 284 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1228 262 299 947, 949, 951-956 1366 229 2511079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1229 11 93 947, 949, 951-956 1367154 176 1079-1082, 1152-1154 1229 227 264 947, 949, 951-956 1368 126 1451083, 1087 1230 2 90 947, 949, 951-955 1368 153 177 1083, 1087 1230 92174 947, 949, 951-955 1368 186 208 1083, 1087 1230 308 345 947, 949,951-955 1368 224 253 1083, 1087 1231 2 29 947, 949, 951-956 1369 161 1801083, 1084, 1089 1231 31 113 947, 949, 951-956 1370 124 143 1083, 10871231 247 284 947, 949, 951-956 1370 151 175 1083, 1087 1232 2 34 947,949, 951-956 1370 184 206 1083, 1087 1232 36 118 947, 949, 951-956 1370222 251 1083, 1087 1232 252 289 947, 949, 951-956 1369 278 303 1083,1084, 1089 1233 2 47 947, 949, 951-956 1369 182 201 1083, 1084, 10891233 49 131 947, 949, 951-956 1371 1 71 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1233265 302 947, 949, 951-956 1371 82 122 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1226 796 947, 949, 951-955 1371 124 180 1093-1095, 1098, 110 -1103 1227 1 91947, 949, 951-955 1371 182 244 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1226 8 96 947,949, 951-955 1372 16 56 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1227 3 91 947, 949,951-955 1372 58 114 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1230 1 90 947, 949,951-955 1372 116 178 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1226 54 96 947, 949,951-955 1373 2 61 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1227 49 91 947, 949,951-955 1373 72 112 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1228 1 44 947, 949,951-956 1373 114 170 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1230 48 90 947, 949,951-955 1373 172 234 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1233 5 47 947, 949,951-956 1374 1 68 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1224 125 145 947-949,951-956 1374 79 119 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1225 274 294 947, 949,951-956 1374 121 177 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1228 330 350 947, 949,951-956 1374 179 241 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1229 295 315 947, 949,951-956 1375 2 41 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1231 315 335 947, 949,951-956 1375 52 92 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1232 320 340 947, 949,951-956 1375 94 150 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1233 333 351 947, 949,951-956 1375 152 214 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1234 50 135 960, 9641376 7 47 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1234 149 168 960, 964 1376 49 1051093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1234 170 350 960, 964 1376 107 169 1093-1095,1098, 1100-1103 1235 175 260 960, 963, 964 1371 124 148 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1235 274 293 960, 963, 964 1372 58 82 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1235 295 351 960, 963, 964 1373 114 138 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1236 190 275 960, 963, 964 1374 121 145 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1236 289 308 960, 963, 964 1375 94 118 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1236 310 351 960, 963, 964 1376 49 73 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1237 269 350 960, 963, 964 1371 182 276 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1238 51 136 960, 964 1371 278 333 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-11031238 150 169 960, 964 1372 116 210 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1238 171350 960, 964 1372 212 267 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1239 50 135 960,964 1372 269 309 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1239 149 168 960, 964 1372311 352 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1239 170 351 960, 964 1373 172 2661093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 103 188 960, 963, 964 1373 268 3231093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 202 221 960, 963, 964 1373 325 3511093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 223 351 960, 963, 964 1374 179 2731093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1241 269 351 960, 963, 964 1374 275 3301093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1242 87 172 960, 963, 964 1374 332 3511093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1242 186 205 960, 963, 964 1375 152 2461093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1242 207 351 960, 963, 964 1375 248 3031093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1235 2 23 960, 963, 964 1375 305 3451093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1235 25 114 960, 963, 964 1376 107 2011093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1236 2 38 960, 963, 964 1376 203 2581093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1236 40 129 960, 963, 964 1376 260 3001093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1237 2 39 960, 963, 964 1376 302 3421093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1237 41 117 960, 963, 964 1371 278 3031093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1237 119 208 960, 963, 964 1372 212 2371093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 2 42 960, 963, 964 1373 268 2931093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1241 2 39 960, 963, 964 1374 275 3001093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1241 41 117 960, 963, 964 1375 248 2731093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1241 119 208 960, 963, 964 1376 203 2281093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1242 2 26 960, 963, 964 1371 124 1551093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1234 38 135 960, 964 1372 58 89 1093-1095,1098, 1100-1103 1234 170 211 960, 964 1373 114 145 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1235 25 136 960, 963, 964 1374 121 152 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1235 163 260 960, 963, 964 1375 94 125 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1235 295 336 960, 963, 964 1376 49 80 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1236 1 38 960, 963, 964 1371 182 241 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1236 40 151 960, 963, 964 1372 116 175 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1236 178 275 960, 963, 964 1373 172 231 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1237 81 117 960, 963, 964 1374 179 238 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1237 119 230 960, 963, 964 1375 152 211 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1237 257 350 960, 963, 964 1376 107 166 1093-1095, 1098,1100-1103 1238 39 136 960, 964 1371 278 325 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-11031238 171 212 960, 964 1372 212 259 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1239 38135 960, 964 1373 268 315 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1239 170 211 960,964 1374 275 322 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 2 64 960, 963, 964 1375248 295 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 91 188 960, 963, 964 1376 203250 1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103 1240 223 264 960, 963, 964 1309 1 691114, 1115 1241 81 117 960, 963, 964 1309 71 96 1114, 1115 1241 119 230960, 963, 964 1309 98 144 1114, 1115 1241 257 351 960, 963, 964 1309 152195 1114, 1115 1242 2 48 960, 963, 964 1309 197 237 1114, 1115 1242 75172 960, 963, 964 1309 254 352 1114, 1115 1242 207 248 960, 963, 9641310 25 92 1114, 1115 1243 118 158 965, 966, 968, 969 1310 94 119 1114,1115 1243 283 304 965, 966, 968, 969 1310 121 167 1114, 1115 1243 310348 965, 966, 968, 969 1310 175 218 1114, 1115 1244 165 205 965, 966,968, 969 1310 220 260 1114, 1115 1244 330 351 965, 966, 968, 969 1310277 351 1114, 1115 1246 205 245 965, 966, 967, 968, 969 1311 7 74 1114,1115 1247 206 246 965, 966, 967, 968, 969 1311 76 101 1114, 1115 1248163 203 965, 966, 968, 969 1311 103 149 1114, 1115 1248 328 349 965,966, 968, 969 1311 157 200 1114, 1115 1245 1 20 967 1311 202 242 1114,1115 1245 22 42 967 1311 259 351 1114, 1115 1245 104 135 967 1312 9 761114, 1115 1245 137 155 967 1312 78 103 1114, 1115 1245 187 209 967 1312105 151 1114, 1115 1246 36 58 965, 966, 967, 968, 969 1312 159 202 1114,1115 1247 37 59 965, 966, 967, 968, 969 1312 204 244 1114, 1115 1244 330352 965, 966, 968, 969 1312 261 352 1114, 1115 1249 2 20 970, 973, 974,978, 979 1309 2 69 1114, 1115 1250 5 84 969-971, 973-979 1309 254 3271114, 1115 1250 86 270 969-971, 973-979 1310 22 92 1114, 1115 1250 278306 969-971, 973-979 1310 277 350 1114, 1115 1250 326 351 969-971,973-979 1311 4 74 1114, 1115 1251 2 52 969-971, 973-979 1311 259 3321114, 1115 1251 54 238 969-971, 973-979 1312 6 76 1114, 1115 1251 246274 969-971, 973-979 1312 261 334 1114, 1115 1251 294 322 969-971,973-979 1315 56 87 1117, 1119-1125 1253 115 194 969-971, 973-979 1315 91114 1117, 1119-1125 1253 196 351 969-971, 973-979 1315 116 144 1117,1119-1125 1254 3 31 970, 971, 973, 974, 1315 146 171 1117, 1119-1125977-979 1254 51 79 970, 971, 973, 974, 1315 185 225 1117, 1119-1125977-979 1255 282 352 1629 1315 275 294 970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1117,1119-1125 1256 1 53 970, 971, 973-978 1315 317 342 1117, 1119-1125 125655 239 970, 971, 973-978 1316 22 45 1117, 1119-1125 1256 247 275 970,971, 973-978 1316 47 75 1117, 1119-1125 1256 295 323 970, 971, 973-9781316 77 102 1117, 1119-1125 1257 6 85 970, 971, 973-978 1316 116 1561117, 1119-1125 1257 87 271 970, 971, 973-978 1316 206 225 1117,1119-1125 1257 279 307 970, 971, 973-978 1316 248 273 1117, 1119-11251257 327 351 970, 971, 973-978 1316 275 317 1117, 1119-1125 1250 1 84969-971, 973-979 1318 144 175 1117, 1119-1125 1250 326 352 969-971,973-979 1318 179 202 1117, 1119-1125 1251 294 319 969-971, 973-979 1318204 232 1117, 1119-1125 1253 112 194 969-971, 973-979 1318 234 259 1117,1119-1125 1254 51 76 970, 971, 973, 974, 1318 273 313 1117, 1119-1125977-979 1255 279 352 1629 1319 2 20 970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1117,1119-1125 1256 295 320 970, 971, 973-978 1319 24 47 1117, 1119-1125 12573 85 970, 971, 973-978 1319 49 77 1117, 1119-1125 1252 31 89 972 1319 79104 1117, 1119-1125 1252 91 236 972 1319 118 158 1117, 1119-1125 1252238 266 972 1319 208 227 1117, 1119-1125 1252 277 337 972 1319 250 2751117, 1119-1125 1249 2 23 970, 973, 974, 978, 979 1319 277 319 1117,1119-1125 1249 25 44 970, 973, 974, 978, 979 1313 17 81 1118, 1125 125034 84 969-971, 973-979 1313 92 117 1118, 1125 1251 1 52 969-971, 973-9791313 137 204 1118, 1125 1251 294 325 969-971, 973-979 1313 215 240 1118,1125 1251 327 346 969-971, 973-979 1313 242 291 1118, 1125 1253 144 194969-971, 973-979 1313 293 329 1118, 1125 1254 51 82 970, 971, 973, 974,1314 22 89 1118-1125 977-979 1254 84 103 970, 971, 973, 974, 1314 100125 1118-1125 977-979 1255 311 352 1629 1314 127 176 970, 971, 973-978,1626, 1118-1125 1256 3 53 970, 971, 973-978 1314 178 214 1118-1125 1256295 326 970, 971, 973-978 1317 25 92 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1256328 347 970, 971, 973-978 1317 103 128 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 125735 85 970, 971, 973-978 1317 130 179 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1250 4784 969-971, 973-979 1317 181 217 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1251 15 52969-971, 973-979 1314 332 351 1118-1125 1253 157 194 969-971, 973-9791315 27 51 1117, 1119-1125 1255 324 352 1629 1316 275 306 970, 971,973-978, 1626, 1117, 1119-1125 1256 16 53 970, 971, 973-978 1318 115 1391117, 1119-1125 1257 48 85 970, 971, 973-978 1319 277 308 1117,1119-1125 1250 2 84 969-971, 973-979 1314 330 351 1118-1125 1250 86 241969-971, 973-979 1315 25 51 1117, 1119-1125 1251 54 209 969-971, 973-9791316 275 303 1117, 1119-1125 1253 1 68 969-971, 973-979 1317 333 3511118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1253 91 194 969-971, 973-979 1318 113 1391117, 1119-1125 1253 196 352 969-971, 973-979 1319 277 305 1117,1119-1125 1255 169 235 1629 1314 262 293 970, 971, 973-978, 1626,1118-1125 1255 258 352 1629 1314 295 314 970, 971, 973-978, 1626,1118-1125 1256 55 210 970, 971, 973-978 1314 316 351 1118-1125 1257 1 85970, 971, 973-978 1315 11 51 1117, 1119-1125 1257 87 242 970, 971,973-978 1317 265 296 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1250 86 110 969-971,973-979 1317 298 317 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1251 54 78 969-971,973-979 1317 319 351 1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125 1253 2 68 969-971,973-979 1318 45 76 1117, 1119-1125 1253 196 220 969-971, 973-979 1318 7897 1117, 1119-1125 1255 39 130 1629 1318 99 139 970, 971, 973-978, 1626,1117, 1119-1125 1255 132 235 1629 1316 275 324 970, 971, 973-978, 1626,1117, 1119-1125 1256 55 79 970, 971, 973-978 1319 277 326 1117,1119-1125 1257 87 111 970, 971, 973-978 1299 50 96 1126-1131, 1651-16531250 326 350 969-971, 973-979 1300 2 43 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1251 294318 969-971, 973-979 1300 66 112 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1253 110 194969-971, 973-979 1300 123 154 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1254 51 75 970, 971,973, 974, 1300 183 211 1126-1131, 1651-1653 977-979 1255 277 352 16291300 213 232 970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1256 295 319970, 971, 973-978 1300 264 310 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1257 327 352 970,971, 973-978 1301 1 35 1126-1131 1250 32 84 969 - 971, 973-979 1301 3784 1126-1131 1253 142 194 969 - 971, 973-979 1301 107 153 1126-1131 1255309 352 1629 1301 164 195 970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1126-1131 1257 33 85970, 971, 973-978 1301 224 252 1126-1131 1249 46 68 970, 973, 974, 978,979 1301 254 273 1126-1131 1250 61 84 969-971, 973-979 1301 305 3511126-1131 1251 29 52 969-971, 973-979 1302 26 54 1126-1131, 1651-16531253 171 194 969-971, 973-979 1302 56 75 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1254 105127 970, 971, 973, 974, 1302 107 153 1126-1131, 1651-1653 977-979 125630 53 970, 971, 973-978 1303 11 39 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1257 62 85 970,971, 973-978 1303 41 60 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1259 192 226 999-1004 130392 138 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1259 249 298 999-1004 1299 50 114 1126-1131,1651-1653 1259 321 352 999-1004 1299 131 162 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1260190 224 999-1004 1299 215 236 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1260 247 296 999-10041299 248 270 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1260 319 351 999-1004 1299 272 3091126-1131, 1651-1653 1261 99 133 999-1004 1300 264 328 1126-1131,1651-1653 1261 156 205 999-1004 1302 107 171 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1261228 289 999-1004 1302 188 219 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1261 300 334 999-10041302 272 293 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1262 82 116 999-1004 1302 305 3271126-1131, 1651-1653 1262 139 188 999-1004 1302 329 351 1126-1131,1651-1653 1262 211 272 999-1004 1303 92 156 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1262283 317 999-1004 1303 173 204 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1262 319 350 999-10041303 257 278 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1263 324 351 999-1004 1303 290 3121126-1131, 1651-1653 1264 191 225 999-1004 1303 314 351 1126-1131,1651-1653 1264 248 297 999-1004 1299 272 352 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1264320 351 999-1004 1299 272 344 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1265 98 132 999-10041299 272 318 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1265 155 204 999-1004 1299 272 3101126-1131, 1651-1653 1265 227 288 999-1004 1304 2 25 1132, 1134, 1135,1136 1265 299 333 999-1004 1304 36 169 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259 95145 999-1004 1304 186 214 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259 165 226 999-10041304 231 250 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 93 143 999-1004 1304 264 3071132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 163 224 999-1004 1306 2 70 1132, 1134, 1135,1136 1261 1 52 999-1004 1306 87 115 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1261 72 133999-1004 1306 132 151 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1262 1 35 999-1004 1306 165208 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1262 55 116 999-1004 1307 1 27 1132, 1134,1135, 1136 1263 227 277 999-1004 1307 29 69 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1263297 351 999-1004 1307 80 213 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1264 94 144 999-10041307 230 258 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1264 164 225 999-1004 1307 275 2941132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1265 2 51 999-1004 1307 308 351 1132, 1134, 1135,1136 1265 71 132 999-1004 1308 2 33 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259 15 40999-1004 1308 44 177 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259 42 64 999-1004 1308 194222 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259 66 88 999-1004 1308 239 258 1132, 1134,1135, 1136 1259 90 145 999-1004 1308 272 315 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259165 219 999-1004 1347 2 28 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 13 38 999-10041347 39 172 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 40 62 999-1004 1347 189 2171132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 64 86 999-1004 1347 234 253 1132, 1134,1135, 1136 1260 88 143 999-1004 1347 267 310 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260163 217 999-1004 1305 1 133 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1261 2 52999-1004 1305 135 154 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1261 72 126999-1004 1305 156 178 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1262 55 109999-1004 1305 195 280 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 1 60999-1004 1305 330 351 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 105 127999-1004 1344 13 35 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 147 172999-1004 1344 52 137 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 174 196999-1004 1344 187 208 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 198 220999-1004 1345 50 181 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 222 277999-1004 1345 183 202 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 297 352999-1004 1345 204 226 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1264 14 39999-1004 1345 243 328 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1264 41 63999-1004 1346 2 81 1133, 1137, 1138 1264 65 87 999-1004 1346 131 1521133, 1137, 1138 1264 89 144 999-1004 1304 1 25 1132, 1134, 1135, 11361264 164 218 999-1004 1304 264 334 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1265 71 125999-1004 1306 165 235 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1259 190 226 999-1004 130746 69 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 188 224 999-1004 1308 10 33 1132,1134, 1135, 1136 1261 97 133 999-1004 1308 272 342 1132, 1134, 1135,1136 1262 80 116 999-1004 1347 5 28 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1263 322 351999-1004 1347 267 337 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1264 189 225 999-1004 1304101 169 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1265 96 132 999-1004 1306 1 70 1132,1134, 1135, 1136 1259 96 145 999-1004 1306 237 310 1132, 1134, 1135,1136 1260 94 143 999-1004 1306 312 352 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1261 3 52999-1004 1307 145 213 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1263 228 277 999-1004 1308109 177 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1264 95 144 999-1004 1347 104 172 1132,1134, 1135, 1136 1265 1 51 999-1004 1307 38 69 1132, 1134, 1135, 11361259 165 218 999-1004 1308 1 33 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 1260 163 216999-1004 1344 187 239 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1261 72 125999-1004 1344 241 272 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1262 55 108999-1004 1344 286 308 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 2 60999-1004 1344 310 329 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1263 297 350999-1004 1346 131 183 1133, 1137, 1138 1264 164 217 999-1004 1346 185216 1133, 1137, 1138 1265 71 124 999-1004 1346 230 252 1133, 1137, 11381266 2 39 1016-1023 1346 254 273 1133, 1137, 1138 1266 41 87 1016-10231305 227 280 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1266 89 129 1016-10231344 84 137 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1267 2 74 1016-1023 1345275 328 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1267 76 122 1016-1023 1346 2881 1133, 1137, 1138 1267 124 164 1016-1023 1346 290 351 1133, 1137, 11381268 2 53 1016-1023 1348 44 66 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1268 55 1011016-1023 1348 104 129 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1268 103 143 1016-10231348 131 156 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1269 2 72 1016-1023 1348 158 1951139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1269 74 120 1016-1023 1348 167 189 1139, 1140,1141, 1142 1269 122 162 1016-1023 1348 197 237 1139, 1140, 1141, 11421270 2 107 1016-1023 1348 215 234 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1270 109 1551016-1023 1348 4 49 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1270 157 197 1016-1023 1348 474 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142 1271 2 62 1016-1023 1348 4 85 1139, 1140,1141, 1142 1271 64 110 1016-1023 1349 19 90 1143 1271 112 152 1016-10231349 146 207 1143 1266 131 177 1016-1023 1349 209 256 1143 1266 179 2071016-1023 1350 32 51 1144-1151, 1703 1266 209 243 1016-1023 1350 71 901144-1151, 1703 1267 166 212 1016-1023 1351 118 137 1144-1151 1267 214242 1016-1023 1351 157 176 1144-1151 1267 244 278 1016-1023 1353 81 1001144-1151 1268 145 191 1016-1023 1353 120 139 1144-1151 1268 193 2211016-1023 1354 1 42 1144-1151 1268 223 257 1016-1023 1354 218 2371144-1151 1269 164 210 1016-1023 1354 257 276 1144-1151 1269 212 2401016-1023 1356 43 62 1144-1151 1269 242 276 1016-1023 1356 82 1011144-1151 1270 199 245 1016-1023 1350 176 201 1144-1151, 1703 1270 247275 1016-1023 1350 209 231 1144-1151, 1703 1270 277 311 1016-1023 1350236 267 1144-1151, 1703 1271 154 200 1016-1023 1351 262 287 1144-11511271 202 230 1016-1023 1351 295 317 1144-1151 1271 232 266 1016-10231351 322 351 1144-1151 1266 209 294 1016-1023 1353 225 250 1144-11511266 296 316 1016-1023 1353 258 280 1144-1151 1267 1 74 1016-1023 1353285 316 1144-1151 1267 244 329 1016-1023 1356 187 212 1144-1151 1267 331351 1016-1023 1356 220 242 1144-1151 1268 223 308 1016-1023 1356 247 2781144-1151 1268 310 330 1016-1023 1350 236 265 1144-1151, 1703 1269 242327 1016-1023 1351 322 352 1144-1151 1269 329 349 1016-1023 1353 285 3141144-1151 1270 35 107 1016-1023 1356 247 276 1144-1151 1270 277 3511016-1023 1350 287 306 1144-1151, 1703 1271 232 317 1016-1023 1350 323348 1144-1151, 1703 1271 319 339 1016-1023 1352 2 21 1147, 1150, 1151,1703 1266 296 318 1016-1023 1352 38 63 1147, 1150, 1151, 1703 1267 4 741016-1023 1355 5 24 1147, 1150, 1151, 1703 1268 310 332 1016-1023 135541 66 1147, 1150, 1151, 1703 1269 1 72 1016-1023 1356 298 317 1144-11511269 329 351 1016-1023 1358 322 351 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1270 37 107 1016-1023 1364 262 291 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455,1457, 1458 1271 319 341 1016-1023 1366 229 258 1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458 1266 131 157 1016-1023 1367 154 183 1079-1082,1152-1154 1267 166 192 1016-1023 1361 2 41 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455,1457, 1458 1268 145 171 1016-1023 1210 1 35 1431 1269 164 190 1016-10231211 30 63 1431 1270 199 225 1016-1023 1213 15 48 1431 1271 154 1801016-1023 1217 19 52 1431 1295 113 168 1026, 1027, 1024 1357 162 2001079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1295 170 201 1026, 1027, 10241358 124 162 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1295 203 233 1026,1027, 1024 1359 130 168 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1295 236258 1026, 1027, 1024 1360 137 175 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 14581297 128 183 1026, 1027, 1024 1361 163 201 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455,1457, 1458 1297 185 216 1026, 1027, 1024 1362 130 168 1079-1082,1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1297 218 248 1026, 1027, 1024 1363 132 1701079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458 1296 1 44 1025, 1028, 1029, 136464 102 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1515-1518, 1520 1455, 1457, 1458 1298 7 571025, 1028, 1029 1365 134 172 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 14581298 59 96 1025, 1028, 1029 1366 31 69 1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457,1458 1298 110 132 1025, 1028, 1029 1054 198 244 1492, 1496, 1497, 14981298 143 210 1025, 1028, 1029 1054 285 319 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 129517 87 1026, 1027, 1024 1056 191 237 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1297 32 1021026, 1027, 1024 1056 278 312 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1294 127 153 10271057 14 60 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1295 17 46 1026, 1027, 1024 1057 101135 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1297 32 61 1026, 1027, 1024 1057 233 2641492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1298 5 57 1025, 1028, 1029 1060 269 315 1492,1496, 1497, 1498 1320 249 268 1033, 1035, 1076 1390 10 50 1054 - 1057,1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1324 2 23 1036, 1037, 1038 1390 142 173 1054 -1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1326 14 38 1036, 1037, 1038 1391 73 1041054 - 1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1326 95 117 1036, 1037, 1038 1055 85131 1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500 1326 152 174 1036, 1037, 1038 1058 117163 1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500 1326 227 248 1036, 1037, 1038 1059 118164 1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500 1327 44 65 1036, 1037, 1038 1061 109155 1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500 1321 65 86 1037 1062 222 268 1493,1494, 1495, 1499, 1500 1321 88 132 1037 1063 262 308 1493, 1494, 1495,1499, 1500 1322 2 34 1037 1054 15 64 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1322 36 671037 1054 165 196 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1322 135 156 1037 1056 8 571492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1322 158 202 1037 1056 158 189 1492, 1496, 1497,1498 1323 1 35 1037 1060 86 135 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1323 37 68 10371060 236 267 1492, 1496, 1497, 1498 1323 136 157 1037 1386 199 2481054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498 1323 159 203 1037 1388 212 261 1054-1057,1060, 1496, 1498 1324 2 51 1036, 1037, 1038 1391 286 335 1054-1057,1060, 1492, 1496-1498 1324 56 93 1036, 1037, 1038 1384 311 351 1055,1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1324 95 126 1036, 1037, 1038 1385 312 3511055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1324 194 215 1036, 1037, 1038 1387 83123 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057 1324 217 261 1036, 1037,1038 1389 162 202 1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500 1325 2 31 1037 129669 101 1025, 1028, 1029, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1520 1325 33 64 1037909 305 340 1531 1325 132 153 1037 960 70 101 1543, 1551 1325 155 1991037 964 259 290 1543, 1551 1326 227 276 1036, 1037, 1038 1305 180 2261133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1326 281 318 1036, 1037, 1038 1133195 226 1580, 1581 1326 320 350 1036, 1037, 1038 1137 52 83 1580, 15811327 44 93 1036, 1037, 1038 1344 37 83 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,1583 1327 98 135 1036, 1037, 1038 1345 228 274 1133, 1137, 1138, 1580,1581, 1583 1327 137 168 1036, 1037, 1038 1305 180 217 1133, 1137, 1138,1580, 1581, 1583 1327 236 257 1036, 1037, 1038 1344 37 74 1133, 1137,1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1327 259 303 1036, 1037, 1038 1345 228 265 1133,1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583 1324 2 24 1036, 1037, 1038 1039 176 2101590, 1594, 1597, 1598 1326 227 249 1036, 1037, 1038 1040 142 176 1590,1594, 1597, 1598 1327 44 66 1036, 1037, 1038 1041 248 282 1590, 1594,1597, 1598 1328 3 59 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1042 141 175 1590, 1594,1597, 1598 1597, 1598 1328 70 146 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1328 175 2091039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1597, 1598 1598 1328 148 215 1039-1043,1045, 1594, 1331 2 54 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1597, 1598 1598 1328232 263 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1331 200 234 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,1597, 1598 1598 1328 328 350 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1332 142 1761039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1597, 1598 1598 1329 22 53 1039-1043 10451333 176 210 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1329 118 140 1039-10431045 1334 16 68 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1330 31 62 1039-10431045 1334 214 248 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1330 127 1491039-1043 1045 1335 76 110 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598 1331 28 841039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1336 8 60 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1597, 15981598 1331 95 171 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1336 206 240 1039-1043, 1045,1594, 1597, 1597, 1598 1598 1331 173 240 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1338 1466 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1597, 1598 1598 1331 257 288 1039-1043,1045, 1594, 1338 212 246 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1597, 1598 15981332 2 26 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1255 165 199 970, 971, 973-978, 1626,1597, 1598 1629 1332 37 113 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 976 129 163 1626,1629 1597, 1598 1332 115 182 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1299 98 1291126-1131, 1651-1653 1597, 1598 1332 199 230 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1300312 343 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1597, 1598 1332 295 317 1039-1043, 1045,1594, 1302 155 186 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1597, 1598 1333 4 60 1039-1043,1045, 1594, 1303 140 171 1126-1131, 1651-1653 1597, 1598 1333 71 1471039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1350 314 345 1144-1151, 1703 1597, 1598 1333 149216 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1352 29 60 1147, 1150, 1151, 1703 1597, 15981333 233 264 1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1355 32 63 1147, 1150, 1151, 17031597, 1598

All of the materials and methods disclosed and claimed herein can bemade and used without undue experimentation as instructed by the abovedisclosure. Although the materials and methods disclosed herein havebeen described in terms of preferred embodiments and illustrativeexamples, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art thatvariations can be applied to the materials and methods described hereinwithout departing from the concept, spirit and scope of this invention.All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilledin the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of thisinvention as defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of causing mortality or stunting in aninsect, comprising providing in the diet of an insect at least onerecombinant RNA comprising at least one silencing element essentiallyidentical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target genesequence of said insect, wherein said target gene sequence is selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion ofsaid recombinant RNA by said insect results in mortality or stunting insaid insect.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least onesilencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequence of about 95%to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724.
 3. The methodof claim 1, wherein said insect is: (a) a flea beetle; (b) a species ofa genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica,Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda,Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema,Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix,Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis,Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia,Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra,Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida,Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta,Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola,Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia;(c) a species selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens(alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Alticachalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle),Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle),Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle),Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris(potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), andSystena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle); (d) a species selected fromthe group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish fleabeetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotretapusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnipflea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta(garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle),Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodespunctulata (hop flea beetle); or (e) an insect pest of a Brassicaspecies.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: (a) said insect is aPhyllotreta species and said target gene has a DNA sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-551; (b) said insect isPhyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (c)said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and saidtarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:297-532; (d) said insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped fleabeetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; (e) said insect is a Psylliodesspecies and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859; or (f) said insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein said silencing element comprises: (a) an RNA strand having atleast one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequenceof 100% complementarity with a fragment of said target gene of saidinsect, wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859; (b) an RNA strand having at leastone segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724;(c) an RNA strand having a sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein:(a) said insect is a Phyllotreta species and said silencing elementcomprises an RNA strand having a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1410; (b) said insect is Phyllotreta atra(turnip flea beetle) and said silencing element comprises an RNA strandhaving a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1155; said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle)said silencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391; (d) saidinsect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and said silencingelement comprises an RNA strand having a sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410; (e) said insect is aPsylliodes species and said silencing element comprises an RNA strandhaving a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1411-1718; or (f) said insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and saidsilencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said recombinant RNA is provided in a microbial orplant cell that expresses said recombinant RNA, or in a microbialfermentation product, or is chemically synthesized.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said silencing element comprises dsRNA.
 9. The methodof claim 9, wherein: (a) said dsRNA is blunt-ended, or has an overhangat at least one terminus, or comprises at least one stem-loop; (b) saiddsRNA is chemically synthesized, produced by expression in amicroorganism, produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced bymicrobial fermentation; (c) said dsRNA is chemically modified; or (d)said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA strand having a sequence of about95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said at least one recombinant RNA is providedin a composition comprising said at least one recombinant RNA, whereinsaid composition is applied to a surface of said insect or to a surfaceof a seed or plant in need of protection from infestation by saidinsect.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said composition: (a)comprises a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray,encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soildrench, or seed treatment; (b) further comprises one or more componentsselected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, anorganosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, anon-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide,a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insectattractant, and an insect growth regulator; (c) further comprises atleast one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of apatatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensisinsecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdusinsecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, aBacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces aninsecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillussphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacilluslaterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae; or (d) is ingested by said insect.
 12. A method forcontrolling an insect infestation of a plant comprising contacting, witha dsRNA, an insect that infests a plant, wherein said dsRNA comprises atleast one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequenceof about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a targetgene of said insect, and wherein said target gene has a DNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859.
 13. The methodof claim 12, wherein said dsRNA comprises: (a) a sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724, or thecomplement thereof; (b) at least one segment of 18 or more contiguousnucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment ofsaid target gene of said insect, wherein said target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859; or (c)at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and1722-1724.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein: (a) said insect is aflea beetle; (b) said insect is a species of a genus selected from thegroup consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona,Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus,Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera,Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga,Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus,Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila,Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis,Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa,Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia,Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena,Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia; (c) said insect is a speciesselected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder fleabeetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea(grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae(rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi(elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle), Chaetocnemaconofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato fleabeetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis(redheaded flea beetle); (d) said insect is a species selected from thegroup consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle),Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla(western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip fleabeetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta(garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle),Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodespunctulata (hop flea beetle); (e) said insect is an insect pest of aBrassica species; (g) said insect is a Phyllotreta species and saidtarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:1-551; (h) said insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle)and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (i) said insect is Phyllotretacruciferae (canola flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (j) saidinsect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and said targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:533-551; (k) said insect is a Psylliodes species and said targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:552-859; (l) said insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and said targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:552-859; (m) said insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle)and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155; (n) said insect is Phyllotretacruciferae (canola flea beetle) and said dsRNA comprises at least oneRNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391;(o) said insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and saiddsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410; or (p) said insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718.
 15. Themethod of claim 12, wherein said plant is: (a) selected from anornamental plant or a crop plant; (b) a plant in the familyBrassicaceae; (c) a Brassica species selected from the group consistingof B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris,B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, andB. fructiculosa; (d) a Brassica plant selected from the group consistingcanola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape; (e)selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum,Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum,Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocosnucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea,Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Oleaeuropaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticumaestivum; or (f) a potato plant and said insect is Epitrix cucumeris(potato flea beetle).
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein saidcontacting comprises: (a) oral delivery to said insect, non-oraldelivery to said insect, or a combination of oral and non-oral deliveryto said insect; (b) application of a composition comprising said dsRNAto a surface of said insect or to a surface of said plant infested bysaid insect; (c) providing said dsRNA in a composition that furthercomprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of acarrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotideherbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, anon-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, amicronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator; (d)providing said dsRNA in a composition that further comprises at leastone pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, aplant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidalprotein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidalprotein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillussphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces aninsecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillussphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacilluslaterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae; or (e) providing said dsRNA in a composition that is ingestedby said insect.
 17. An insecticidal composition comprising aninsecticidally effective amount of a recombinant RNA molecule, whereinsaid recombinant RNA molecule comprises at least one segment of 18 ormore contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of an insect thatinfests a plant, and wherein said target gene has a DNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859.
 18. Theinsecticidal composition of claim 17, wherein said recombinant RNAmolecule: (a) comprises at least one RNA strand having a sequence ofabout 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724;(b) comprises dsRNA; (c) comprises dsRNA of at least 50 base pairs inlength; (d) comprises blunt-ended dsRNA; (e) comprises dsRNA with anoverhang at at least one terminus; (f) comprises dsRNA comprising atleast one stem-loop; (g) comprises dsRNA that is chemically modified;(h) is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand having a sequence of about 95%to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724; (i) is adsRNA comprising an RNA strand having a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724; or (j) is provided in amicrobial or plant cell that expresses said recombinant RNA, or in amicrobial fermentation product; or is chemically synthesized.
 19. Theinsecticidal composition of claim 17, wherein: (a) said insect is a fleabeetle; (b) said insect is a species of a genus selected from the groupconsisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica,Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila,Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia,Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila,Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha,Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila,Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis,Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa,Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia,Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena,Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia; (c) said insect is a speciesselected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder fleabeetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea(grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae(rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi(elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle), Chaetocnemaconofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato fleabeetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis(redheaded flea beetle); (d) said insect is a species selected from thegroup consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle),Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla(western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip fleabeetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta(garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle),Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodespunctulata (hop flea beetle); (e) said insect is an insect pest of aBrassica species; (f) said insect is a Phyllotreta species and saidtarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:1-551; (g) said insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle)and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (h) said insect is Phyllotretacruciferae (canola flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (i) saidinsect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and said targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:533-551; (j) said insect is a Psylliodes species and said targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:552-859; (k) said insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and said targetgene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:552-859; (l) said insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle),said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprisesat least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:860-1155; (m) said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola fleabeetle), said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNAcomprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391; (n) said insect is Phyllotreta striolata(striped flea beetle), said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA,and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410; (o) said insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala, said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and saiddsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718; (p) said plant is selected from anornamental plant or a crop plant; (q) said plant is a plant in thefamily Brassicaceae; (r) said plant is a Brassica species selected fromthe group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B.oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B.perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa; (s) said plant is aBrassica plant selected from the group consisting canola, rapeseed,turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape; (t) said plant is selectedfrom the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays,Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsisthaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera,Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsiachinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryzasativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum; or (u)said plant is a potato plant and said insect is Epitrix cucumeris(potato flea beetle).
 20. The insecticidal composition of claim 17,wherein said insecticidal composition: (a) further comprises one or morecomponents selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, asurfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, anon-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide,a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insectattractant, and an insect growth regulator; (b) further comprises atleast one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of apatatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensisinsecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdusinsecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, aBacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces aninsecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillussphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacilluslaterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae,Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacilluspopilliae; or (c) is in a form selected from the group consisting of asolid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation,microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, insect dietor insect bait, and seed treatment.
 21. A plant treated with theinsecticidal composition of claim 17, or a plant grown from seed treatedwith the insecticidal composition of claim 17, wherein said plantexhibits improved resistance to said insect.
 22. A method of providing aplant having improved resistance to an insect, comprising expressing insaid plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein said recombinant DNAconstruct comprises DNA encoding an RNA having a sequence essentiallyidentical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least onetarget gene of said insect, wherein said fragment comprises at least onesegment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of said target gene,wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion of said RNA bysaid insect results in mortality or stunting in said insect.
 23. Themethod of claim 22, wherein said RNA: (a) comprises a strand having asequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and1722-1724; or (b) comprises dsRNA.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein:(a) said insect is a flea beetle; (b) said insect is a species of agenus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica,Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda,Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema,Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix,Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis,Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia,Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra,Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida,Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta,Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola,Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia;(c) said insect is a species selected from the group consisting ofAltica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie fleabeetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplarflea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberryflea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (cornflea beetle), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrixcucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestrippedfleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle); (d) saidinsect is a species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotretaarmoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canolaflea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle),Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra(turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle),Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata,Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle);(e) said insect is an insect pest of a Brassica species; (f) said insectis a Phyllotreta species and said target gene has a DNA sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-551; (g) said insectis Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (h)said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and saidtarget gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NOs:297-532; (i) said insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped fleabeetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; (j) said insect is a Psylliodesspecies and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859; (k) said insect is Psylliodeschrysocephala and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859; (l) said insect is Phyllotretaatra (turnip flea beetle), said recombinant RNA molecule comprisesdsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155; (m) said insect isPhyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), said recombinant RNAmolecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNAsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391; (n)said insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), saidrecombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises atleast one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1392-1410; (o) said insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala, saidrecombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises atleast one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs:1411-1718; (p) said plant is selected from an ornamental plant or acrop plant; (q) said plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae; (r)said plant is a Brassica species selected from the group consisting ofB. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B.septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B.fructiculosa; (s) said plant is a Brassica plant selected from the groupconsisting canola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape;(t) said plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max,Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus,Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinuscommunis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachishypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis,Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, andTriticum aestivum; (u) said plant is a potato plant and said insect isEpitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle); (v) said method furthercomprises expression in said plant of at least one pesticidal agentselected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, aphytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, aXenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, aBacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericusinsecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein,an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillussphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus),Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillusspecies, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae; or (w)said method further comprises expression in said plant of at least oneprotein conferring tolerance to an herbicide.
 25. The plant havingimproved resistance to an insect, provided by the method of claim 22, orfruit, seed, or propagatable parts of said plant.
 26. A recombinant DNAconstruct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNAencoding an RNA transcript comprising a sequence of about 95% to about100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724.
 27. The recombinant DNAconstruct of claim 26, wherein said heterologous promoter is functionalfor expression of said RNA transcript in a bacterium or in a plant cell.28. A recombinant vector, plant chromosome or plastid, or transgenicplant cell comprising the recombinant DNA construct of claim 26.